Peace Support Operations A broad umbrella of terms and action – Key priorities post-peace settlement? Peacekeeping and its evolution since 1950s – Changing role of international community? Who keeps the peace? And why? – UN-integrated missions, regional actors – Timor-Leste case study Peacekeeping/peacebuilding nexus – Which institutions adopted? – South Sudan case study – Challenges and future direction Spoilers in peace processes – Who are they? How to manage them?

Peacekeeping Definition? Evolution and changing understanding and scope of PKO Peacekeeping appropriate at 3 points on the escalation scale (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2008): – Contain violence and prevent it from escalation to war; – Limit the intensity, geographical spread and duration of war once it has broken out; – And to consolidate a ceasefire and create space for reconstruction after the end of a war.

Changing Peacekeeping Fluid categories PKOs emerged in the 1950s, in response to Suez crisis in the Middle East 1st Generation PKOs: traditional and military focus 2nd Generation PKOs: Boutros-Ghali‘s 1992 ‘Agenda for Peace’ – range of functions: military, police and civilian components, yet failed optimism of the 1990s 3rd Generation ‘Peace Support’ Operations: attempt to address root causes

Generation of PSO FIRSTSECONDTHIRD Period1948 UNTSO and UNSCOB 1988 UNTAG MandateHybrid btw Ch.VI and VII Right to Intervene, Agenda for Peace MilitarySmall, Lightly armed Up to BudgetRestrictedFrom $230 million to $3.6 billion Case of Deployment Cessation of Inter-state conflict; Oversee and assist the implementation of Peace Agreement Also ongoing conflict LengthLong-termShorten Charactheristics Interpositional Forces\Monitoring Pre-existence of Peace Agreements of Ceasefire Consent of Parties Neutrality + Non Use of Force Also actively Nation building Transitional Authority SSR\DDR

UN Integrated Missions: Case-study of UNMIT, Timor-Leste All UN actors share vision and strategic objectives and plan - does this really happen? Common workplan bet UNMIT and UNCT in Justice, SSR, communications, humanitarian issues and HIV/AIDS amongst others Example of SSR and Civil Protection Law in Timor-Leste

Peacekeeping-Peacebuilding Nexus: where are we heading? UNSG Ban Ki-moon statement to the UNSC, 16 April 2010: Peacekeepers are peacebuilders and they must “seize the window of opportunity in the immediate aftermath of conflict. They are the first to set priorities”

Peacekeeping-Peacebuilding Nexus Recent debate within DPKO 10 of the current 16 UN PKOs are multidimensional and mandated to perform a range of peacebuilding activities Peacekeepers as ‘early peacebuilders’? – ‘Articulate’ peacebuilding priorities; – ‘Enable’ other actors to implement peacebuilding tasks; – ‘Implement’ certain early peacebuilding tasks.

Peacekeeping-Peacebuilding Nexus Case-study: UNMISS, South Sudan UNMISS’s emphasis on local peacebuilding Establishment of platforms and portals for peacebuilding – security, state authority and peace dividends? 35 County Support Bases (CSBS) and 10 state offices Reconstruction, Reintegration and Peacebuilding (RRP) officers coordinating CSBs, supported by Human Rights, Police and other Unprecedented depth and breadth of engagement – will also impact on expectations

Challenges-considerations on peacekeeping-peacebuilding nexus Obsession with the state: Balancing act between national and traditional authorities: promote principles of ‘hybrid political orders’? De Waal’s notion of ‘political marketplace’ Competition between organisations Short-term vs Long-term objectives? Integrated missions - shrinking of humanitarian space? Can the UN deliver real peace dividends along with its presences?

Spoilers Need to think about motivations to counter them – Limited – Greedy – Total Different ways of dealing with them Onus on peacekeepers/monitors to identify type and act appropriately – Wrong action can strengthen spoiler’s position – Need to think of process holistically when acting

Spoiler Case Study - Rwanda Peace Accords signed, 1993 – wide-ranging provisions But, Habyarimana unwilling to fulfil obligations – why was he a spoiler? CDR not involved in negotiations – been vetoed by RPF Burundian coup, obligations ignored, growing violence, incitement of ethnic killing UNAMIR commander’s request for more support ignored UN misdiagnosed spoilers, threatened to withdraw - what CDR spoilers wanted – Paid little attention to actual situation Habyarimana assassinated after agreeing to implement, moderates murderd, militias began killing Tutsis, Belgian peacekeepers killed – UN response, reduced number of PK – Stedman calls it “appeasement by inaction”

Motivations

Questions for discussion 1.What is the difference and relationship between peacebuilding and statebuilding? What are the risks of a peacekeeping mission’s involvement in institution building? 2.How can coordination between different sets of actors involved in Peace Support Operations be improved? 3.Peacekeeping and Local Peacebuilding: How Intrusive Should Peacekeeping Be? 4.Are peacekeepers early peacebuilders? Can they perform peacebuilding roles? 5.Is it better not to intervene?

Suggested discussion structure Divide into two groups that will tackle 2/3 questions each, building on different case- studies