Position-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs

Questions for Consideration What is a position-time graph? What is a velocity-time graph? How do features on one graph translate into features on the other?

Position-Time Graphs Show an object’s position as a function of time. x-axis: time y-axis: position Slope = average velocity

Position-Time Graphs 0 s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s 6 s 7 s 8 s 9 s 10 s Imagine a ball rolling along a table, illuminated by a strobe light every second. You can plot the ball’s position as a function of time. 0 s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s 6 s 7 s 8 s 9 s 10 s

Position-Time Graphs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 position (cm) time (s)

Position-Time Graphs What are the characteristics of this graph? Straight line, upward slope What kind of motion created this graph? Constant velocity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time (s) position (cm)

Position-Time Graphs Each type of motion has a characteristic shape on a P-T graph. Zero speed (at rest) Constant velocity Accelerating

Position-Time Graphs Constant velocity is represented by a straight segment on the P-T graph. time (s) pos. (m) Constant velocity in positive direction. time (s) pos. (m) Constant velocity in negative direction.

Position-Time Graphs An object not moving is represented by a straight segment on the P-T graph. time (s) pos. (m) A horizontal segment means the object is at rest.

Position-Time Graphs Curved segments on the P-T graph mean the object’s velocity is changing. time (s) pos. (m) Increasing velocity in positive direction. time (s) pos. (m) Increasing velocity in negative direction.

Position-Time Graphs The slope of a P-T graph is equal to the object’s velocity in that segment. slope = change in y change in x time (s) position (m) 10 20 30 40 50 slope = (30 m – 10 m) (30 s – 0 s) slope = (20 m) (30 s) slope = 0.67 m/s

Position-Time Graphs The following P-T graph corresponds to an object moving back and forth along a straight path. Can you describe its movement based on the graph? time (s) position (m) N S

5.2 Velocity vs. Time X-axis is the “time” Y-axis is the “velocity” Slope of the line = average acceleration

Velocity-Time Graphs A velocity-time (V-T) graph shows an object’s velocity as a function of time. A horizontal line = constant velocity. A straight sloped line = constant acceleration. Acceleration = change in velocity over time. Positive slope = positive acceleration. Negative slope = negative acceleration. Not necessarily slowing down!

Velocity-Time Graphs A horizontal line on the V-T graph means constant velocity so no acceleration. time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Object is moving at a constant velocity North.

Velocity-Time Graphs A horizontal line on the V-T graph means constant velocity. time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Object is moving at a constant velocity South.

Velocity-Time Graphs If an object isn’t moving, its velocity is zero. time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Object is at rest

Velocity vs. Time Horizontal lines = constant velocity Sloped line = changing velocity Steeper = greater change in velocity per second

Velocity-Time Graphs If the V-T line has a positive slope, the object is undergoing acceleration in positive direction.

Velocity-Time Graphs V-T graph has positive slope. N S time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Positive velocity and constant positive acceleration

Slope of V vs. T graph Slope = rise/run Pick two points on the line: (0,0) (2,2) Slope = (2-0)/(2-0) = 1.0 m/s2 Slope = Average acceleration of the object

Velocity-Time Graphs If the V-T line has a negative slope, the object is undergoing acceleration in the negative direction.

Velocity-Time Graphs V-T graph has negative slope. N S time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Positive velocity and negative acceleration: object is slowing down, time (s) velocity (m/s) N S Negative velocity and negative acceleration: object is speeding up! (in negative direction)