1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 63

2 Invitational Office Hour Invitations by Student Number for April 6 th, 11:30-12:30 April 8 th 11:30-12:30, 3:30-4:30 Kenny

3 In addition to questions related to lecture content, the exam will include questions related to chapters 11 ( ), 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the textbook. The exam will consist of 20 multiple choice questions (1 point each) and short answer questions (2-8 points each, totaling 30 points). The exam is worth 20% of your final grade. The exam will be scored out of 50 points. Exam: April 28, 3:30-6:00 PM, OSBO A

4 Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Please do not bring valuables to the exam. Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam.

5 Office Hours I will hold my regular Friday office hours through to April 28 th. In the week prior to the final exam, I will hold additional office hours: Thursday, April 21: 10:00-12:00 Tuesday, April 26: 1:00-3:00 Wednesday, April 27: 11:30-1:30

6 Announcement David is out of town and will be unable to hold his office hours on April 6 th and 13 th. However, he will hold his regular office hours on April 20 th and 27 th. While David is away, you may him questions at

7 Reminder Please note that course evaluations are available online. If you have not received an directing you to the evaluations for this course, you may provide your evaluation at: Course evaluations will be available until April 10 th. Your feedback is extremely valuable—both to the Psychology Department and to me.

8 Exploitation, Violence, Oppression, Equity and Social Change: 1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? 2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements?

9 2. discuss international efforts to eliminate gender- based exploitation, violence and oppression. 1. generate international examples of gender-based exploitation, violence and oppression. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. define the gender development index (GDI) and gender empowerment measure (GEM). 4. discuss Canada’s relative ranking on the GDI and GEM.

10 Bangladesh: Each year, hundreds of Banladeshi females, most between 11 and 20 years of age, are the victims of acid attacks (Anwar, 1997). Internationally: What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

11 Acid Attacks

12 China: The sex ratio is “abnormal”: Among children aged 0-4, there are 120 boys for every 100 girls. The high male-to-female ratio is the result of sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and neglect of young girls (Banister, 2004).

13 Ethiopia: For every 100 boys who are enrolled in primary or secondary education, only 69 girls are (World Bank, 2002). Estonia: 29% of women aged and 52% of women aged 65 or older fear domestic violence (UN Children’s Fund, 2000). Egypt: A 1995 survey revealed that 97% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 had undergone female genital cutting (Lancaster, 1996).

14 Iran: A woman’s testimony carries half the weight of a man’s in court; family law places the bulk of authority for divorce and child custody with husbands (Moore, 2001). India: Each year, approximately 5000 “dowry-deaths” of women occur (UN Children’s Emergency Fund, 2002). Nigeria: A court in a northern Nigerian state sentenced a woman to death by stoning for engaging in premarital sex (Lips, 2006).

15 Saudi Arabia: Females are not permitted to travel without the permission of their husbands or fathers and are not permitted to drive (Slavin, 2001). Rwanda: Males were subject to sex-selective massacre by the “genocidaires” (Carpenter, 2006). “The opening blast of the genocide as accompanied by an injunction not to repeat the ‘mistake’ of the 1959 revolution, when male children had been spared only to return as guerilla fighters” (Jones, 2001).

16 United States: Women are not permitted to serve in direct ground combat positions with the Army or Marines (McSally, 2007; Wood, 2002). Turkey: Each year, at least 200 females are the victims of honour killings (Moore, 2001).

17 Ukraine: More than 70% of unemployed individuals are female. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed females have been transported to the West; one-fifth have been forced into the sex trade (Kutova, 2000). Yugoslavia: Adolescent and adult males were subject to summary execution, forced conscription into military service, rape, and sexual mutilation.

18 What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements? Three primary goals characterize contemporary equality movements: 1. Greater flexibility in the social construction of gender. “It is not the biological nature of females and males that serves as the major foundation for people’s view of gender or gender-related activities and preferences, but their conception of what it means to be female or male in our society” (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010).

19 2. Gender equality in relationship power. Movement from patriarchal relationships to egalitarian relationships. Educational and economic equity for males and females. Enactment of laws and services to protect and aid victims of violence, harassment, and stalking. Examples:

20 Mandatory arrest policies for spousal assault. Marital rape laws. Residential shelters for victims of family violence. Women’s courts, rape courts. Women’s police stations. Government-operated hotlines. “Protective” laws for individuals who have fled from abuse.

21 3. Gender equality in organizational power. Implementation and enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation in the workplace. Balanced representation of the sexes in top management positions. Balanced representation of the sexes in political office and the legal system.

22 In relation to these goals, Canada has performed well in comparison to other countries. Gender Development Index (GDI): Reflects sex disparities in adult literacy rates, longevity, and purchasing power. Canada’s GDI score, 2007 =.956 (maximum = 1), ranking 4 th out of 157 countries.

23 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM): Reflects women’s share of parliament seats; women’s share of administrative, managerial, professional, and technical jobs; and women’s earning power (i.e., access to jobs and wages). Canada’s GEM score, 2007 =.820, (maximum = 1), ranking 10 th out of 93 countries.

24 Exploitation, Violence, Oppression, Equity and Social Change: 1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? 2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements?