Lab Biology Chapter 23 Mrs. Nemanic Bacteria Lab Biology Chapter 23 Mrs. Nemanic

I. Kingdom Archaebacteria A. Characteristics Live in extreme environments Cell membrane and cell wall different than others

B. Groups 1. Methanogens 2. Halophiles 3. Thermoacidophiles a. Anaerobic - don't require O2 (anaerobic respiration) b. Produce Methane gas 2. Halophiles a. High salt environment b. Use salt to make ATP 3. Thermoacidophiles a. Extreme acid and hot temperatures

II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics 1. Grouped by Shapes a. Bacilli - rod b. Cocci - sphere c. Spirilla - spiral

II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics 2. Grouped by arrangement: a. "Strepto" - chain b. "Staphylo" - cluster c. "Diplo" - pairs

II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics *Pink stain 3. Grouped by Gram Staining : a. Gram Positive *Retain purple stain *Thicker layer of Peptidoglycan b. Gram Negative *Pink stain 4. Grouped by how they obtain food

B. Phyla II. Kingdom Eubacteria 1. Phylum Cyanobacteria a. Photosynthetic b. Blue-green algae c. Heterocysts - cells that "fix" N2 (convert it into a molecule)

II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla c. Tremponema pallidum - syphilis 2. Phylum Spirochetes a. Spiral-shaped b. Move by cork-screw motion c. Tremponema pallidum - syphilis

II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla 3. Phylum Gram-Positive a. Streptococci - causes strep throat b. Yogurt- made by bacteria in milk c. Lactobacillus - tooth decay d. Actinomycetes - produce antibiotics

II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla 4. Phylum Proteobacteria a. Enteric bacteria - live in intestines 1. Escherichia coli (e. coli) - produces Vitamin K and helps digestion 2. Salmonella - in chicken intestines, food poison b. Chemoautotrophs - oxidize chemicals for energy - nitrogen fixing (Rhizobium)

III. Structure A. Cell wall B. Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm 1. Eubacteria cell walls made of peptidoglycan. a. Gram negative eubacteria's lipid layer prevents some antibiotics from entering. B. Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm Lipid bilayer Prokaryotes - no membrane-bound organelles Bacteria are the only prokaryotes

III. Structure 1. Outer cover of polysaccharides C. Capsules 2. Protection against: a. drying b. harsh chemicals c. white blood cells 3. Glycocalyx - a capsule of sticky sugars that enables bacteria to attach to host cells

III. Structure D. Pili 1. Short, hair-like, protein structures on surface of some bacteria 2. Adhere to host cell; transfer genetic material between bacteria E. Endospore 1. Dormant structure with thick protective covering produced during harsh environmental conditions.

III. Structure 1. Flagella F. Structures for Movement 2. Slime – to glide over 3. Spiral shaped bacteria move in cork-screw rotations.

IV. Nutrition 1. Heterotrophs – get nutrients from organic matter a. Saprophytes – feed on dead, decaying matter 2. Autotrophs – obtain energy from sunlight or minerals a. Photoautotrophs – use sunlight for energy b. Chemoautotrophs – obtain energy from inorganic compounds, oxidize chemicals

V. Reproduction 1. Binary fission - asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring.

VI. Growth 1. Bacteria require certain temperatures and pH. 2. Obligate Anaerobes – cannot survive in O2 a. Ex: Clostridium tetani – causes tetanus. 3. Facultative anaerobes – live with or without O2 a. Ex: E. coli 4. Obligate aerobes – cannot survive without O2

VII. Genetic Recombination 1. Transformation – bacterial cell takes in DNA from external environment 2. Conjugation – genetic information is exchanged between two bacteria 3. Transduction – a virus obtains some bacteria DNA after viral replication & carries it to the next host cell.

VIII. Bacteria & Disease 1. Toxins – poisons that cause disease A. Antibiotics – drugs used to fight bacteria. Obtained from bacteria and fungi. 1. Penicillin – interferes with cell-wall synthesis 2. Tetracycline – interferes with protein synthesis 3. Sulfa Drugs – inhibits metabolism 4. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics – affect a wide variety of organisms

VIII. Bacteria & Disease B. Antibiotic Resistance 1. Some mutant bacteria may resist antibiotics. Thus, they survive, reproduce, and make disease more difficult to treat. C. Useful Bacteria 1. Decomposers – decay organic material 2. Food production 3. Clean up oil spills 4. Genetic Engineering and Medicines