Biotechnology & Genomics

DNA Cloning  Producing identical copies through asexual means.

Uses :  determine genetic differences  research purposes  ex – disease mechanism, industrial uses  genetic modification or organisms or gene therapy  genetic testing / crime investigation, forensics

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology  Vector + foreign DNA ex. Plasmid  Necessary to make rDNA restriction enzyme = sticky ends cats specifically DNA Ligase PCR, process that uses DNA polymerase PCR, process that uses DNA polymerase

DNA Analysis DNA fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting Cut DNA  unique band patternCut DNA  unique band pattern Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA by size for analysis Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA by size for analysis RNA, Protein RNA, Protein

DNA Fingerprinting & Paternity

** uses electrophoresis to move charged molecules through a matrix

Biotechnology Products  – some made by genetic engineering

Products of genetics modification procedures A – Transgenic bacteria uses Medicines, hormones, vaccines, agriculture, industry to clean waste Medicines, hormones, vaccines, agriculture, industry to clean waste B – Transgenic plants Assist agriculture, make products Assist agriculture, make products C – Transgenic animals Transform egg cells – larger / more productive animals D – Stem cell research Medicinal uses Medicinal uses

Transgenic Mammals

Genomic Differences Between Chimps & Humans

Genomics – study of genes Human genome project = 25,000 coding genes Comparing genomes = much similarity; therefore, possible uniqueness is caused by the regulation of our genes how our bodies function, how to prevent diseases, what makes different species unique, and even how life evolved on earth.

Hap Map project  A HapMap is a catalog common sequence differences that occur in a species The goal of the project is to link haplotypes to risk for specific illnesses The goal of the project is to link haplotypes to risk for specific illnesses May lead to new methods of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease May lead to new methods of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease

Epigenetics – DNA packaging causing expression or no expression of genes depends on the environmental factors one is exposed to.

Genetic profile the human genotype of a person To help disease risk factors.

Proteomics Study of proteins Structure & function of proteins to design drugs

Bioinformatics  Using computers to study the genome

Gene Therapy Inserting genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder. Ex Vivo Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Bone Marrow Stem Cells In Vivo Cystic Fibrosis Nasal / Respiratory Spray

Gene Therapy HowStuffWorks Videos "Through the Lens: Gene Therapy" HowStuffWorks Videos "Through the Lens: Gene Therapy" HowStuffWorks Videos "Through the Lens: Gene Therapy" HowStuffWorks Videos "The Power of Genes: Gene Therapy"

Study Question A plasmid Yip5 is cut:  Two linear fragments of 942 and 4,599 base pairs (5, = 4,599). EcoRI and EagI  Two linear fragments of 2,003 (2, ) and 3,538 (5, ,003) base pairs. HindIII and ApaI  Three linear fragments of 2,003, 2,881 (4, ,035), and 657 [5,541 - (2, ,881)l base pairs. HindIII, ApaI, and PvuI  The 942-base-pair fragment & The 4,599-base-pair fragment would be cleaved into two fragments of 2,305 (3, ) and 2,294 (4, ,305) giving 3 total fragments. EcoRI and EagI,PvuII Construct the plasmid

More Study Questions  PCR makes gene cloning possible because it enables lab technicians to do what very quickly?  If a plasmid is cut with a restriction enzyme 3 times how many linear fragments will it produce?  How will they be arranged on an electrophoresis gel?

But wait, there’s more!!  Explain what recombinant DNA is:  If a specific DNA code is removed from a bacteria and placed into another bacteria what is this process called?  Why are restriction enzymes generally used in a lab?  Dinosaur DNA has been found in very few fossils, scientists want to compare the dino DNA to DNA of reptiles, what technique will they use to increase the amount of dino DNA?

Complete the table Technique / toolUse DNA polymerase Separation of DNA fragments DNA ligase Restriction enzyme [restriction endonuclease] Production of cDNA from mRNA

The Last One!!  Explain how a gene from humans can be cloned and produced in yeast, [what process is similar]