MP 3 Quarterly Assessment Review DNA & RNA, Mutations, & Biotechnology

DNA & RNA #1 There are four bases in DNA. What are they and how do they pair together? Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) PAIRS: A pairs with T C pairs with G

DNA & RNA #2 There are four bases in RNA. What are they and how do they pair together? Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) PAIRS: A pairs with U C pairs with G

DNA & RNA #3 Replication Transcription Translation Make identical copies of DNA Make RNA Make proteins from RNA E: nucleus/ nucleolus P: cytoplasm All: in cytoplasm on a ribosome E: nucleus P: cytoplasm

DNA & RNA #4 How does DNA determine traits of an organism? Genes are stored in DNA and read as codons Codons are for certain amino acids (same in most organisms) Amino acids make proteins Proteins are how traits are expressed

Mutations #1 What is a mutation? Any change in an organism’s DNA

Mutations #2 Mutagens are substances known to cause mutations. Give some examples of mutagens. Chemicals Tobacco products UV rays X rays Radiation and chemotherapy

Mutations #3A Original: Mutation 1: Identify _________________________ Explain: Deletion A gene (or genes) are deleted or removed from the chromosome

Mutations #3B Original: Mutation 2: Identify _________________________ Explain: Insertion A gene (or genes) are inserted or added to the chromosome

Mutations #3C Original: Mutation 3: Identify _________________________ Explain: Inversion A piece of the chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattached itself

Mutations #3D Original: Mutation 4: Identify _________________________ Explain: Translocation Non-homologous chromosomes exchange pieces

Biotechnology #1 Bacteria are commonly used in genetic engineering. Explain how they can be used in this process. A gene from one organism (plant, human, other animal) can be cut out of its DNA Bacterial DNA can be cut Foreign gene is put into the bacterial DNA Bacteria express foreign gene

Biotechnology #2 Genetically engineered/modified crops are becoming more and more common. List some pros and cons of GM crops. Pros Cons Produce more food for people Add nutrients to food Extend growing seasons Plants can resist diseases and pests Genes added to plants can be transferred to other plants in the area (unplanned interactions) Unknown health risks

Biotechnology #3 Bacteria can be used to produce human proteins. One example of this that we discussed in class was when scientists genetically engineered bacteria to be able to produce human insulin to treat diabetes so that people would not have to use insulin from other animals any longer. Explain why this is beneficial. No reactions to animal insulin Cheap and available for more people