The presentation is made by students of the 10 V grade Teacher of economics in English : Rafalskaya Irina Vladimirovna THE UNIVERSE AND THE SPACE INDUSTRY

Galaxy… Planets, stars, satellites, asteroids. A lot to discover, a lot to understand. GOD created the Universe. And HE allows us to investigate the Space: planets, stars and satellites. The Earth is the only one planet where a man can live. But an unknown world of the Space is very attractive for researches and investigations.

Sergey Korolev, the most famous Soviet space scientist, the developer of the Soviet space vehicles and devices. The first manned spacecraft was sent to the Space on the 4/12/1961 from the Soviet Union territory. And it was successful. It managed to orbit our planet. And it was called Vostok. It was launched from spaceport Baikonur. And everybody on the Earth understood that the Soviet Union held a victory in the Space race between the United States of America and the USSR.

And he said: Poekhaly! Yuri Gagarin is the first man who saw the Earth and told how beautiful it looked from Cosmos. Yuri became a national hero in the Soviet Union. He was chosen among several perfect cosmonauts. Not only because of his professional skills but because he was smart, handsome and cute as well. According to the marketing strategy of the USSR government: the first man in the Space, consequently, the national hero had to be good-looking and intelligent to be interviewed by foreign journalists and politicians.

After the decline of the USSR Russia lost the spaceport Baikonur. Today this territory belongs to Kazakhstan. It was opened in1955. Manned and unmanned space crafts were launched from there. Now Russia pays for its rent 115mln dollars every year. From 2018 Kazakhstan plans to utilize it as their own facility in a cooperation with the EU and Israel. Russia has the second spaceport called Plesetsk, but it is used only for launching unmanned space vehicles.

Roscosmos is the government space agency responsible for the Russian space science program and general aerospace research. The Russian government and our Federal Space Agency “Roscosmos” plan to construct a new modern spaceport Vostochniy in the Amur oblast (the Far East) in 2018 and leave Baikonur forever. Vostochniy will be used for manned and unmanned space expeditions. Russian Federation will spend on its construction and development 300 bln dollars.

Roscosmos head office is located in Moscow. Main mission control space flight operations is located in a nearby city of Korolev. Cosmonauts training center in Star City. Roscosmos is currently involved in several major space programs now: Moon program and Luna- Glob space device construction; Venus program and Venera D space complex construction; Exo- Mars program in cooperation with NASA. Our space devices are used on Mars-Odyssey space vehicle (USA). Our scientists participate in researches of Venus and Mars with American and European colleagues.

Russian cosmonauts plan to investigate the Sun and take ground probes from Mars. Unluckily, the first attempt to do it with Fobos-Grunt space device was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, our scientists and cosmonauts do not give up. Also Roscosmos constructs a system of space monitoring of environment and space system for fixed broadcasting and communication.

Russian Construction Company Energy and Roscosmos construct a modern spaceship of a new generation. The project is strictly classified and information about it is unavailable. The first manned flight on this spaceship will hopefully take place in Russia plans to spend on all these researches and space vehicles constructions around 900 bln rubles until 2015.

NASA and ROSCOSMOS are not enemies now but also not the best friends. National Aeronautic Space Administration was established in Annual budget of this organization consists of almost 18 bln dollars. The most successful NASA program is Apollo program ( ). After the Soviet success the US decided to be the first on the Moon. Apollo 11 expedition in 1969 enabled Neil Armstrong to be the first person to stand on Moon surface. And after him Buzz Aldrin made the same. The total investments into this program was 202 bln dollars.

Since 1981 The USA has been developed and constructed their famous spaceships Shuttles. This program was terminated in And from 4/19/2012 shuttle is concerned as a museum exhibit. The Soviet Union and the USA cooperated in the field of planetary investigation. Russian cosmonauts used Soyuz space vehicles. If we compare budgets we can say the USA spent much more money on shuttles’ construction than the USSR on Soyuz (manned flights) and Progress (unmanned flights). Each shuttle start was costing 500 mln dollars.

Russia also had an experience of multiple flight space ship usage. It was called Energy-Buran. But it was used only once. We still use Soyuz (manned) and Progress (unmanned space flight) space vehicles to fly to the Space. The American cosmonauts are sent to the ISS on these space crafts. By statistics, they are more safe than shuttles. Skylab was another major program of NASA. It lasted only for 6 years ( ) but contributed a lot to the American space science. And it was the first space station which was constructed. Skylab was unexpectedly crashed into Western Australia.

The first commercial space vehicle is called Dragon. It is constructed by Constructional Corporation Space X. It will start to service the ISS on the 30 th of April, The duration of the flight will be 20 days. It will take 1 day to go to the Space and 1 day to be back to the Earth and 18 days Dragon will spend on the Orbit next to the ISS.

BUT THE FIRST PERMANENTLY MANNED SPACE STATION WAS THE RUSSIAN MIR WHICH WAS IN ORBIT OF THE EARTH FROM 1986 UNTIL IT WAS THE JEWEL OF OUR SPACE PROGRAM FOR MORE THAN 15 YEARS.

The ISS is an international space project. The International Space Station combines the Soviet/Russian space station MIR-2, the American Freedom, the European Columbus and the Japanese Kibo. The construction began in 1998 and the operations on are expected to continue until at least On February 2010 the American Commercial Crew development program was initiated. They started construction of the commercial spaceports and spaceships. Commercial spaceships will be capable to deliver cargo to the ISS.

The list of space countries is getting longer in our days. Russia and the US are not the only representatives in the Space. China, India, Israel, Japan, Canada, the EU countries are trying to develop and improve their space science and constructional skills. Japanese Space Agency JAXA constructed a space ship which will operate only from the solar energy. Its called IKAROS. India had a successful start of its space missions. In 2012, April, its space vehicle was successfully sent to the Space.

This year the Chinese aeronauts are going to start using their own space orbital station. Not so long ago the NASA managing director Charles Bolden told that in 15 years the USA would compete not with Russia but with China. Its space industry is going forward with modernization and construction of the new space ships and space science. In 10 years they plan to build a base on the Moon. But China doesn’t have its own technologies. It invites the European consults to work in its Space National Administration to exchange their knowledge and skills. If on their constructors they spend 500mln dollars but on the European advisors they spend 1,5 bln dollars annually.

The next chapter of space discovery is a space tourism. With the era of space tourism getting under way in earnest plans for commercial space ports and space ships are beginning to take shape in the US and around the world. 60mln dollars the USA pays for each astronaut whom they sent to the ISS by Soyuz – much less comparing to shuttle times. Money which is left they spend on commercial space port and ships construction. In a period from 2012 until 2014 they plan to spent on this program 1,6 bln dollars.

Mars… Another Space Race starts. The major program for America now is Mars investigation. NASA closed the program Constellation which had to lead to the colony building on Moon. Now they want to discover Mars. And NASA is preparing space expedition there. Russia decided to send cosmonauts to the Moon and step on its surface. Mars investigation is only on plans with a cooperation of the European Space Agency. They want to install and utilize there an automatic station.

GPS is a start of navigation systems. The USA was the first country which developed Global Positioning System. The first global navigation satellite system. It took place in It has been set in orbit in It provides location and time information anywhere on or near the Earth. It was materialized by Department of Defense. Russian Federation made its own navigation satellite system Glonass. It’s a great project for us and therefore a lot financial investments have been allocated to this project.

Its development began in the USSR in It’s the most expensive program of Roscosmos. It consumes a third of its budget. 24 satellites are restored, enabling full global coverage.

Europe is working on its own navigation satellite system as well. Its not ready yet. Its called Galileo. Its not connected with the defense as in America and Russia. Its a pure navigation system. European Space Agency plans to spend on this project 4,9 bln dollars.

IT’S DIFFICULT TIME FOR THE RUSSIAN SPACE SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY NOW. A LOT OF COUNTRIES ARE TRYING TO BE THE FIRST AND THE BEST. BUT WE HAVE OUR HISTORY, OUR EXPERIENCE, OUR SKILLS, OUR TARGETS AND OUR DREAMS. ITS TIME TO CAPITALIZE ON THESE FACTORS AND WITH DEDICATION AND IMPROVEMENT TO TURN THEM INTO A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE SPACE INNOVATION.

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