Problems in the City Describe the many problems associated with life in the city. Why was cholera a likely disease for the urban population? How did conditions begin to change after 1848?

The Growth of Cities 1500: 156 cities with than 10,000 people; 4 with more than 100, : 363 cities with more than 10,000; 17 with more than 100,000 Families from the country migrated to cities to find jobs Greatest growth among capitals and ports Manchester, England population – 1750—17,000 – 1800—70,000

Urban Classes urban rich segregated from poor Upper Class: nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, government officials—the small oligarchy that ran the city Middle Class (bourgeoisie): merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals; diverse and divided; normally supported reform, change, economic growth; feared poor, envied nobility Artisans: grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, tailors, etc.—largest group in any city; like peasants, were in many ways conservative; economically vulnerable; guilds still important

Urban Riots outlet for artisans’ displeasure, often over price of bread bread riots: leaders confiscate bread or grain and sell it for “just price,” with money returned to proprietors danger of bread riots restrained merchants’ greed riots became increasingly political toward end of 18th c.; class struggles

The Jewish Population P Most lived in Eastern Europe Regarded as nonresident alien  denied citizenship privileges unless granted by ruler Lived in separate communities  ghettos in the city or villages in countryside A few became famous as financial advisors

Protesting the Machines Referring back to the three urban classes, which class do you think would be the most opposed to the Industrial Revolution and why? Upper class, middle class (bourgeoisie), or artisan class Why?

Focus Free Writing Write everything down about what you have learned about what you have learned so far about protesting the machines. Try to use sentences Do not stop until I tell you to stop

The Luddites a social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested — often by destroying sewing machines — against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution

Supporters met in secret in the 1810s to plan the destruction of knitting frames and spinning devices British government crushed the movement – Exiled and executed Luddites – Term still used today for anyone opposed to technological change

What could have been underlying reasons for their upheaval? What did they value most about their craft? 0r8&edufilter=scO_Mq_iPeSU9rbqR5CtTQ&sa fe=active 0r8&edufilter=scO_Mq_iPeSU9rbqR5CtTQ&sa fe=active