A brief look at black/white race relations in the U.S. Brea Barthel 11/13/13

First, a word on words “African-American” current preferred term “Black” usually okay “People of color” okay; includes all non-whites “Colored” considered racist “Negro” no longer acceptable; don’t say it The N-word (“nigger”) highly offensive; people get fired for using it

(But some older terms live on) HBCU: “historically black colleges and universities” NAACP: “National Association for the Advancement of Colored People” UNCF: “United Negro College Fund”

Race relations in 2013 To quote Charles Dickens, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”

The best of times Mixed-race president & African-American wife Mayor-elect of NYC & African-American wife Source: abcnews.go.comSource: touchfm.org

“post-racial America”? Not!

The worst of times? “Birther movement” claims Obama is a Kenyan Number of hate groups (neo-Nazi, Ku Klux Klan, other white supremacists) & membership increased after Obama elected (Southern Poverty Law Center) Income inequality “defining issue of our times” (Obama, explainer-income-inequality/) Changes in voter registration laws hurt blacks

Pre-1860s: Slavery People legally defined as property U.S. Constitution: a slave counted as three-fifths of a person for national census (population affects each state’s number of members of Congress) Legal in New York until 1827 Legal in the south until 1865 “Abolitionists” fought to end slavery “Underground Railroad”: individuals & groups helped people escape slavery, even though that was illegal

: Civil War Bloodiest war in U.S. history (750,000+ deaths) States in the South “seceded” from (left) the U.S. to create the Confederate States of America North (“Union” or “Yankees”; blue uniforms) vs. South (“Confederates” or “rebels”; gray uniforms) War has different names: in border states, “War between the states” in Southern states “War of Northern Aggression”

1865: 13 th amendment "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (“their”? “United States” was considered plural, emphasizing states; soon after considered singular, emphasizing united.) Source:

1860’s – 1960’s: segregation “Jim Crow” laws separated blacks & whites Different schools, other legal restrictions Violators punished severely Blacks lynched (hung) for minor or made-up reasons; lynchings often became public events “Strange Fruit”: song drew attention to issue Source: satiricalpolitical.com

1960s: Civil Rights movement National movement for legal changes Some major figures: ▫Martin Luther King, Jr. ▫Malcolm X ▫Thurgood Marshall ▫Rosa Parks ▫Fannie Lou Hamer video-read-dr-martin-luther-king-jrs-1963-speech-its-50th Rosa Parks, with Martin Luther King in background

1960s: Legal changes Voting rights acts Equal Rights act “Affirmative Action” for jobs & schools Quota systems tried, then dropped Backlash from whites Claims of “reverse discrimination” Challenges to voting rights act

Current issues & events Racial profiling: police targeting blacks for “stop & frisk” Racial differences in frequency of arrest, decision of guilt, length/type of sentences, decision of death penalty Trayvon Martin: killed by “vigilante” in Florida in 2012 Obama: “If I had a son, he would look like Trayvon Martin.”

Issue: Mass incarceration 13 th amendment: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." High % of blacks in prison Forced labor Mistreatment

Poverty Most poor people are not black, and most black people are not poor BUT higher poverty rates Blacks = 25.8% / Whites 11.6% Source: Lower rates of home ownership Much lower average total family wealth

History affects today’s relations Strong geographic separation in housing: ▫“White Flight” to suburbs in 1950s-1980s ▫“the chocolate [black] city and its vanilla suburbs” Rise of street gangs in “inner cities” Suspiciousness & tension on both sides

Best times? No. Worst times? No. Many organizations work to reduce racial tension More acceptance of diversity in workplaces Improvement in media representation: blacks shown in positions of power more often