AHL – TOPIC 8: ENERGY (9hrs) 8.1 Historical overview

8.1.1There are 2 main types: Kinetic & Potential K = energy of a moving object e.g moving football, a falling stone etc. The greater the speed at which it is moving the greater its K energy e.g. a hammer posses K energy as it strikes a nail into the wood P= energy in an object, due to its position or arrangements of parts i.e. gravitational, elastic, chemical & electromagnetic. Like K it can be used to do useful work e.g. in a hydroelectric generating station, water falls from a high level to a lower level and does work on the turbines.

Gravitational Potential Energy:- is produced when object is lifted up & work done against force of gravity….as object falls potential energy is converted to kinetic. Elastic Potential Energy:- is produced when an object such as spring or rubber band resists being stretched out of shape. Energy from deformation of the band can be converted into kinetic energy and used to do work e.g. spin propeller on toy airoplane.

Chemical Potential Energy:- is the energy that holds molecules together e.g. combustion of fossil fuels releases energy, which can be used to do work. Electromagnetic Potential Energy:- can be stored in a battery or supplied from a power plant, hydroelectric dam / windmill. Thermal Energy:- Movement of molecules that make up the object. All objects posses thermal energy (even cold ones) Since they have temperature above 0.

8.1.2 Human muscle power was the only source of energy for (craft) production until the Industrial Revolution ( ) Arts and Crafts Movement – William Morris and joy of the aesthetic – long hours, painstaking detail.

Human muscle power Prior to the Industrial Revolution, people’s energy was spent on agriculture, building of towns and cities and transportation. Human’s and specifically mules were to drive machines. An example of this is tiller the ground by ox as still done in vast amounts of developing countries. This motion generated energy to drive the machine. Other examples include windmills, used in Spain for grinding corn, and sailing ships-such as that used by the Egyptians and the Vikings. Muscle still continues to offer sources of energy and power simple machines in several parts of the world today.

Craft Production Craft production:- manufacturing process using manual skill e.g. pottery, being often craft-produced. It is often seen as prestigious e.g. Luis Vuitton luxury crafted tailored bag, as unique. Early Ford auto-mobiles were developed from the bicycle and assembled in this manner, resulting in some problematic outcomes resulted from the human error in the production process. One-Off production:- one or a few items are produced. More would contribute to be batch or volume production. e.g. jewellery, shaker furniture, individual fashion, homes etc

Industrial Revolution Dates:- between the late 1700’s and the early 1800’s marked by the rise of new inventions, such as the steam engine perfected by James Watt, for the advancement of transportation, industry, and agriculture. All kinds of goods were mass-produced, including textiles, iron and metal goods, and pottery. These goods were then sold in the domestic market and as exports to customers abroad. Hand craft: A skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a trade or a particular art. Many started out as Cottage industries i.e manufacturing of products at a workshop or at home rather than in a factory taking orders directly from the customer. This saved on labour and costs of taking care of their own equipment. The invention of the steam engine meant manufacturing became mechanised. Energy production increased. This led to an engineering and production boom. Consequently, there was a need for a new set of people with non-traditional skills. Whereas before the client/consumer might go to the designer/craftsman because of the cottage industry, now, the designer mightn’t necessarily be the same person as the craftsman. References (MLA Format) Industrial Revolution.Wikipedia.com.23 April April 30, "Cottage industry" InvestorWords.com. WebFinance, Inc. April 30, “Industry and Economy”. EHS.org.May 4,

8.1.3 Development of machines based upon flowing water revolutionalised production The invention of the water wheel realised the harnessing of energy for production. Hydro-power (energy from water) was used by the Greeks, in water wheels for grinding wheat into flour. The Roman’s used Hydro-powered machines such as watermills to cut stone and timber. Until the steam engine was developed, watermills, textile machines, sawmills and other machines were powered by water. Then small scale factories developed. Hydro power went out of popularity with the innovation of the steam engine.

8.1.4 Influence of steam engine Steam power is more efficient, compared to water power and is more moveable. Only 30% of the energy produced is converted. Textile manufacturing centres such as Manchester were heavily influenced by the impact of the steam engine. In England, it began in the eighteenth century by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. Eventually, it proved more flexible and economically efficient. Together with coal mining, the iron industry, and steam power a new era was created using steam technology..

Source: Franklin Institute

Electricity leading to a technological revolution and an increased volume of production. Michael Faraday’s discovered electromagnetic induction and together with the invention of the dynamo this allowed the energy from coal or fast-flowing water to be converted into electricity. This resulted in the electricity industry being established and enabled a new generation of electrical machines and electrical products. This enabled factory production and the development of assembly-line arrangements at a cheaper price. Faraday proved that a changing magnetic field could create an electric field. Further, due to Galilean relativity, this means a changing electric field which causes a magnetic field. Consequently in terms of products, this has been employed in dynamos and electric motors. In a dynamo, the coil is turned inside a magnetic field, which generates an electric current. (This is due to the changing magnetic field which creates an electric field. This moves the electrons which makes current. This, can then be used for different electrical appliances.

8.1.6 Uses for the electric motor in industrial production. Electrical motors use electrical energy to produce mechanical energy. They are most used in refrigerators, fans, vacuums, pool pumps, etc. Also in electronic devices such as DVD players, computers, etc. have electric motors. Today electric motors are being used for more sophisticated things such as hybrid cars.

8.1.7 Explain how the production and distribution of electricity led to large-scale energy usage, security of supply and the geographical spread of production away from the source of energy supplies.. Developments in electric power transmission has allowed stand alone energy sources such as wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, etc to be connected to consumers in population centers. Often these are powered by low-grade fuel resources such as coal and natural gas. It was also practicable for alternating current power lines transporting electricity at very low costs across great distances. There are four processes involved 1) electricity generation such as that from a power station, 2) electric power transmission, 3) electricity distribution and 4) electricity retailing. In fact, it is common for electric power companies to own the whole infrastructure from generating stations to transmission and distribution infrastructure. The power transmission network is known as a "grid“ Deregulation of some electricity companies has meant a renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks

How batteries have changed the nature of energy usage and new type of products Storage of electricity in sophisticated, powerful batteries has meant a revolution in consumer electronics.e.g. lithium ion for hybrid electric vehicle and plug. Other Examples: portable radios, mobile phones and other portable electrical and electronic products..

Bibluography History of Energy, Franklin Institute files/energy.html (accessed 13/12/09) files/energy.html Electrical Power IBO Design Technology, DP Diploma Guide (2009) p. 71,72