Industrial Revolution World History | Chapter 25

Scientific Revolution Renaissance Reformation Age of Exploration Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

4/21/2017 Page 716 Andrew Taylor - World History

The Beginnings of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? Britain has natural resources — coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production — land, labor, capital

Geography 1. What one generalization can be made about virtually all of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in 1850?

Geography 2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producing region?

Geography 3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England?

Charles Dickens

From farms to cities Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of machine-made goods Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Factories pay more than farms Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil

Review What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain? 1. 2. 3. 4. Large population of workers Extensive Natural Resources Expanding Economy Political Stability

ENGLAND: a leader nation GETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION + FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND ERROR” ON MACHINES – SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’ + ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T – CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’ CLIMATE ” +

Transportation Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine first steamboat first railroad line

Cities turn into slums Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection

Working Conditions Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust Child labor

Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Problems New machines lead to unemployment Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment

U.S. has natural and labor, resources needed to industrialize non-industrialized countries fall further behind rise of global inequality European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources Europe and U.S. gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts

Economics Laissez faire — Economic idea of government NOT interfering or regulating businesses Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy

Adam Smith Economic liberty guarantees economic progress Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition 3) supply and demand

Capitalism: system of privately owned businesses seeking profits Socialism: factors of production owned by, operated for the people

UTILITARIANISM POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational reforms

Karl Marx Communist Manifesto 1848 believe society is divided into warring classes Capitalism helps “haves” (employers) Hurts “have-nots,” (workers) BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS PROLETARIAT = WORKERS

“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” KARL MARX Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution Only proletariat would exist and rule Eventually the State will wither away “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!” “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848

Karl Marx Communism — society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried.

Improvements U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 Unions (think back to guilds) goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions Children U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 Slavery In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire Women Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848

UNIONS 8-HOUR WORK DAY 1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS VACATIONS HEALTH BENEFITS PENSIONS SAFER CONDITIONS NO CHILD LABOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS) STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK

CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE UNIONS REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GET OCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIOD ENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN) CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE

AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY: UNIONS JANE ADDAMS AND HULL HOUSE MOTHER JONES AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY: END OF SLAVERY WOMEN’S RIGHTS PUBLIC EDUCATION PRISON REFORM