Review your notes from Friday, Monday, & Tuesday for your quiz.

Peasants, Trades, & Cities

New Agriculture -After invasions, people settled & food increases -Cultivate land by cutting down trees & draining ditches -Iron used to make scythes, axes, & hoes for farming; also nails & hammers for building

New Agriculture -Carruca- wheeled plow with iron plowshare (turns heavy clay soils); very heavy -Used 6-8 oxen (very slow) -Carruca & animals were very expensive (bought by village) -Effect: growth of farming villages -Crop rotation

Manorial System -Manor- agricultural estate that a lord ran & peasants worked (became serfs) -Serfs- bound to the lord and the land; provide labor services, pay rent, & subject of lord’s control -Build barns, dig ditches, paid rent with food, used lord’s land, paid tithes to church -Serfs couldn’t leave manor without lord’s permission or marry outside people

Life of Peasants & Serfs -Cottages made of wood; 1 or 2 rooms; hearth for heating & cooking -Aug. & Sept. harvest time especially bread for winter -Oct. planted for winter crops -Nov. slaughter livestock; not enough food to feed animals through winter -Feb. & March land plowed for spring crops -Summer- sheepshearing & weeding -*worked their land & lord’s land* -Holidays (feast days)

Revival of Trade -Growth of major cities (Italy & Flanders) due to trade -City life was dirty; water & air pollution; danger of fires -Venice build mercantile fleet -Flanders trade high quality woolen cloth -Trade fairs where people traded furs, spices, silk, etc. -Trade increased & demand for gold & silver coins arose -Money economy- economic system based on money rather than trade

Revival of Trade -Craftspeople organize guilds (business associations) -Set standard of product, price, & number of people in craft -Apprentice- young person to learn trade; not paid but gets free room & board (5-7yrs) -Journeymen worked for master for money -Worked on masterpiece to produce final piece which gets judged to become a master -Once a master, join guild