Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 3 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 3 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  Science as a process for understanding  Components and regulation of systems  Matter: forms, quality, and how it changes; laws of matter  Nuclear changes and radioactivity  Energy: forms, quality, and how it changes; laws of energy

Science, Environmental Science, and Critical Thinking  Scientific data  Scientific (natural) laws  Consensus science  Scientific theories  Scientific hypotheses  Frontier science Make new predictions Do experiments and collect data Well-tested and accepted patterns in the data become scientific laws Well-tested and accepted hypotheses become scientific theories Make or revise hypotheses Fig. 3.2, p. 45

Models and Behavior of Systems  Inputs  Flows (throughputs)  Stores (storage areas)  Outputs

System Regulation  Positive Feedback  Negative Feedback  Homeostasis  Time Delay  Synergy Rate of metabolic chemical reactions Heat input from sun and metabolism Heat loss from air cooling skin Heat in body Positive feedback loop Blood temperature in hypothalamus Excess temperature perceived by brain Sweat production by skin Negative feedback loop Fig. 3.4, p. 51

Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality  Elements  Compounds  Mixtures  Molecules

Atoms Subatomic Particles  Protons  Neutrons  Electrons Atomic Characteristics  Atomic number  Ions  Atomic mass  Isotopes

Examples of Atoms Hydrogen (H) 0 n1 p0 n1 p 1e1e 1 n1 p1 n1 p 2 n1 p2 n1 p 1e1e1e1e Mass number = = 1 Hydrogen-1 (99.98%) Mass number = = 2 Hydrogen-2 or deuterium (0.015%) Mass number = = 3 Hydrogen-3 or tritium (T) (trace) Uranium (U) 143 n 92 p 143 n 92 p 143 n 92 p 146 n 92 p 92e Mass number = = 235 Uranium-235 (0.7%) Mass number = = 238 Uranium-238 (99.3%) Fig. 3.6, p. 55

Chemical Bonds  Chemical formulas  Ionic bonds  Covalent bonds  Hydrogen bonds

Organic Compounds  Organic vs. inorganic compounds  Hydrocarbons  Chlorinated hydrocarbons  Chlorofluorocarbons  Simple carbohydrates  Complex carbohydrates  Proteins

Genetic Material  Nucleic acids  Genes  Gene mutations  Chromosomes The human body contains about 100 trillion cells. There is a nucleus inside each human cell (except red blood cells). Each nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. One chromosome of every pair is from each parent. The chromosomes are filled with tightly coiled strands of DNA. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions to make proteins—the building blocks of life. There are approximately 140,000 genes in each cell, each coded by sequences of nucleotides in its DNA molecules. G T A C C A T G Fig. 3.8, p. 57

Matter Quality and Material Efficiency  High-quality matter  Low-quality matter  Entropy  Material efficiency (resource productivity) High Quality Solid Salt Coal Gasoline Aluminum can Low Quality Gas Solution of salt in water Coal-fired power plant emissions Automobile emissions Aluminum ore Fig. 3.9, p. 57

Energy: Forms  Kinetic energy  Potential energy  Heat Sun High energy, short wavelength Low energy, long wavelength Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation Cosmic rays Gamma rays X rays Far ultraviolet waves Near ultraviolet waves Visible waves Near infrared waves Far infrared waves microwaves TV waves Radio waves Wavelength in meters (not to scale) Fig. 3.10, p. 58

Energy: Quality  High-quality energy  Low-quality energy Electricity Very high temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) Nuclear fission (uranium) Nuclear fusion (deuterium) Concentrated sunlight High-velocity wind High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) Hydrogen gas Natural gas Gasoline Coal Food Normal sunlight Moderate-velocity wind High-velocity water flow Concentrated geothermal energy Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) Wood and crop wastes Dispersed geothermal energy Low-temperature heat (100°C or lower) Very high High Moderate Low Source of Energy Relative Energy Quality (usefulness) Energy tasks Very high-temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity to run electrical devices (lights, motors) Mechanical motion (to move vehicles and other things) High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) for industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, and hot water Low-temperature heat (100°C or less) for space heating Fig. 3.11, p. 59

Physical and Chemical Changes Energy absorbed Melting Freezing Evaporation And boiling Condensation solidliquidgas Energy released Fig. 3.5, p. 54 Reactant(s) carbon + oxygen C + O 2 CO 2 + energy carbon dioxide + energy + energy Products(s) black solidcolorless gas C O O OOC In-text, p. 59

The Law of Conservation of Matter  Matter is not consumed  Matter only changes form  There is no “away”

Matter and Pollution  Chemical nature of pollutants  Concentration  Persistence  Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants  Biodegradable pollutants  Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants  Nondegradable pollutants

Nuclear Changes  Natural radioactive decay  Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)  Gamma rays  Alpha particles  Beta particles  Half life ( See Table 3-2 p. 62)  Ionizing radiation Sheet of paper Block of wood Concrete wall Alpha Beta Gamma Fig. 3.12, p. 62

Nuclear Reactions Fission Fusion Fig. 3.17, p. 64Fig. 3.16, p. 64 FuelReaction ConditionsProducts D-T Fusion Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus Hydrogen-3 or tritium nucleus Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus D-D Fusion Neutron Energy ++ Helium-4 nucleus ++ Helium-3 nucleus Energy Neutron million ˚C 1 billion ˚C Neutron Proton+ n U Kr Ba n n n Kr U U Ba Kr Ba Kr Ba n n n n n n n n U U U U n

The First Ironclad Law of Energy  Energy is neither created nor destroyed  Energy only changes form  You can’t get something for nothing First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy) ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT

The Second Ironclad Law of Energy Second Law of Thermodynamics  In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat  You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

Connections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems  High-throughput (waste) economy  Matter-recycling economy  Low-throughput economy Inputs (from environment) High-quality energy Matter System Throughputs Output (intro environment) Unsustainable high-waste economy Low-quality heat energy Waste matter and pollution Fig. 3.19, p. 66 See Fig. 3.20, p. 67