Western Europe Chapter 10 Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Western Europe Chapter 10

Dark Ages – the Waning Empire Bishops (Christian leaders of cities) given judicial powers & responsibility of urban poor Peasants weakened by debt became tenants of landlords Late Rome pressured by Germanic barbarians (Goths, Vandals, Franks) Mercenaries, migrations

Timeline 500-1000 CE— Early Middle Ages 900-1100—Transition Agriculture, trade & politics slow but reviving Catholic church becomes a spiritual & political power 900-1100—Transition 1000-1338— High Middle Ages Gains in population, trade & intellectual activity as well as political growth 1338-1450— Late Middle Ages

Western Europe During the Early Middle Ages (500 CE to 1000 CE) ~the Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe~ Dark Ages?

Christianity & Political Order Unites masses amid chaos Barbarians convert for legitimacy

Christianity & Political Order Hierarchy provides practical leadership Judges & educators Based on tradition, land ownership, ceremonies

Political Order & Christianity But, little formal government Violence & blood feuds common Some order from Roman landlords & barbarian warlords Aristocrats: control of land lends resources (peasants, food, new warriors) Germanic warriors: military might lends order Franks were most powerful Germanic state Example: Clovis

Life of the Peasantry Culture minimal & rough Hierarchy of needs? Rome: population from 500,000 to 80,000 Paris: population of 20,000 Rural villages as population centers Little education or literacy Little trade Focus on subsistence

Life of the Peasantry → Peasants become serfs Unfree farm labor tied to land Subsistence difficult while lacking technology Sought safety through landlords

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Men of Cloth; Men of Letters Culture maintained by Christian clergy Only literate members of society Latin Scriptoriums Aided religious & political authority “Rome” lived on in churches & became spiritual capital

In Summary Manor System Self-sufficient manors organize society Mutual obligations b/t lord & serf Feudalism Decentralized, informal military rule Mutual obligations b/t lords & lords

Review In groups of 4: Analyze the daily life of each of the following people during the Carolingian dynasty: Charlemagne; Nobleman; Priest; Serf What is their motivation? What is their fear? How is their life impacted by other members of society? Create a script for a skit or write a series of / diary entries letters

Carolingians & Charlemagne Exception to divided informal rule Carolingian dynasty (686 – 9th c) Frankish Charles Martel: starts dynasty noted for ending Muslim attempts to conquer France Charlemagne: most important ruler

Carolingians & Charlemagne Desired Christianizing & politically uniting all Germanic peoples Centralized authority Crowned by Pope in 800 CE (reflected church power) Gave land to warriors to cement loyalty Traveled 2000 miles/yr to maintain direct contact with those governed

Carolingians & Charlemagne Fostered “Carolingian Renaissance” Trade initiated Minted silver coins Manufacturing improved (swords, pottery, glassware) Learning emphasized Punctuation, capitalization, & spacing added to script Curriculum standardized (grammar, rhetoric, logic, math, astronomy)

The Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingians & Charlemagne Still…comparatively weak 15 mil inhabitants vs. 50 mil in Abbasid or 100 mil in China 50 acre palace complex vs. 250 acres in Baghdad Personalist rule meant that when reign ended, so to did many advancements

Carolingians ended by invasion Muslims, Magyar nomads, Vikings

The Vikings

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Viking Origins Norse people from Scandinavia Think: North, Normans, Normandy, Norway “Vik” = on the war path Lifestyle: Tribal, warrior culture Polytheistic Expansion fueled by population pressure Lifestyle: based on sea: Viking = pirate; a-viking = to go on an overseas adventure; both sexes wore long hair; married women were respected Government: tribal units, ruled by jarl Values: culture of war; blood feud common Education: not important, most illiterate, boys = warriors, girls = wives Religion: worshiped many gods, used crop and animal sacrifices

Viking Expansion

Vikings in Eastern Europe Sailed Russian river systems until reaching Black Sea & Constantinople Opened trade links b/t Russia & Byzantium Exported furs & slaves for Byzantine manufactures Kievian-Rus (proto-Russia) Mixture of Viking & Slavic ethnic groups Christianized by Cyril & Methodius (Orthodox)

Vikings in Eastern Europe Russian envoys reported: “We went among the Germans [the Catholic Franks] and we saw them performing many ceremonies in their churches; but we beheld no glory there. Then we went to Greece [in fact, to Constantinople and Hagia Sophia], and the Greeks led us to the edifices where they worship their God, and we knew not whether we were in heaven or on earth. For on earth there is no such splendor or such beauty, and we are at a loss to describe it. We only know that God dwells there among men…”

Vikings in Western Europe Explored & raided coastal France & Britain Longships & weapons became sources of fear Plundering, killing, burning Wealth & prisoners aided exploration & expansion of slave trade Settle eventually & Christianized Normans

Viking Impact Fostered expanded trade links in Europe Intensified local rule Eastern Europe = city-states Western Europe = feudalism Looked to local lords to protect them

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Transitions (900 CE to 1100 CE) ~Steps toward Progress~ End of raids Warming of climate Characterized by: Expansion of economy Agricultural techniques/technology Population growth and economic innovation Expansion of urban centers Evolution of Feudalism (from 6th c. onward) Growth of Limited Government (from 10th c.) A Characteristic form not found in other societies

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Causes for Transition Agricultural innovation Expansion of arable land Three-field system Mold-board Plow New Techniques = 1) Three-field system Winter crop, summer crop, fallow New food supplies i.e.: more meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, and legumes 2) Harness, manure, scythe 3) Crop rotation meant higher yields

Causes for Transition Population growth fuels urbanization

Causes for Transition Diffusion of new ideas Crusades brought contact with Muslims & Byzantium

The Crusades Catholic Pope Urban II called First Crusade in 1096 Originally effort to retake Holy Land from Islamic Empires Resulted in small crusader states in eastern Mediterranean Supported by Byzantium for striking at longstanding enemy

The Crusades Later Crusades lacked success & focus Crusading hordes disrupted Constantinople’s economy Italian city-states (Genoa & Venice) desired trade in eastern Mediterranean Engineered 4th Crusade, which temporarily conquered Constantinople

Other Conquests Christian Reconquista of Islamic Spain began in 1061 Christians wrestled control of Sicily from Muslims in 1091

Christian Crusades

Impact of Crusades on W. Eur Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Impact of Crusades on W. Eur One Muslim observer: “Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.” -Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing

Impact of Crusades on W. Eur Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Impact of Crusades on W. Eur Contact w/ more advanced societies yielded: Adoption of innovations Arabic numerals Recovery of Greek & Roman learning Architectural engineering Windmills & watermills Greater trade Increased demand for silk, cotton textiles, & spices Desire for direct trade in Asian markets -One Muslim observer: “Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.” -Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing -Windmills & watermills quickly added to the power of Europe

Western Europe During the High Middle Ages (1000 CE to 1300 CE)

Economic Growth Population growth during transition sparked revival of towns & trade Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Towns were small with rural agriculture dominating Towns grew with commerce & people moving to urban areas

Towns & Trade Town life exemplified by artisan guilds Occupations were licensed, standards of quality Politically & socially influential Emphasized Christianity Contributed to building of cathedrals Adopted patron saints & sponsoring parades Trade networks develop Hanseatic League Italian city-states & Mediterranean

Town Dwellings

High Medieval Trade

Formal Government

Royal Kingdoms and Formation of States Towns and urban population aid in strengthening royal governments States England pioneer in creating modern state William the Conqueror, 1066 France developed slower than England Hugh Capet, a minor and weak noble, was elected king in 987 Modern German state not created until 19th century

The Establishment of Regional States The Holy Roman Empire Feudal Monarchies in France and England Regional States in Italy and Iberia Church influence in Italy A complex of principalities and city-states, undergoes rapid urbanization Muslim influence in Iberia The focus of the reconquista

Regional States

High Medieval Universities

Town Life during Middle Ages Town Life After High Middle Ages Nobles had most of the power 1) Lords owned the land where most towns were located 2) Towns needed protection from knights that lords could provide *status determined by birthright Power Middle class had most of the power 1) limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant charter 2) Gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks *status determined by wealth and ability

Mosaic of Political Control Some still dreamed of recapturing a “Rome” Holy Roman Empire Otto Investiture

Mosaic of Political Control Yet regional states emerged France Capetians England The Normans & William the Conqueror

Mosaic of Political Control Still Spain & Italy remained more complex Europeans expand & conquer Muslim held lands

Social Development Three Estates “those who work, those who pray, and those who fight”

Social Development Social change: Chivalry

Social Development Social change: Cities Independent cities Guilds

Social Development Social change: Women Rural Urban

Christianity Continued to define W. Euro society

Christianity High Theology Cathedral schools → universities Scholasticism & St. Thomas Aquinas Blend Aristotle & Faith

Christianity Popular Religion Sacraments & saints Monasticism & heresies

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Compare with China Catching up Pluralism in Politics Reason & Faith Catching Up: W. Europe = clearly less developed, but making progress EX- smaller cities, weaker governments, less commercial economy, inferior technology -One Muslim observer: “Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.” -Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing -Windmills & watermills quickly added to the power of Europe Pluralism in Politics: -Geographic & linguistic barriers created the political mosaic -This mosaic led to a militarized society and one with inherent political checks (kings v. church v. nobles) - Weaker governments probably helped give rise to more independent merchants Reason & Faith -Intellectual independence and the faith in human reason combined with Christianity began to create a intellectual culture of more vitality than China

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline 12th and 13th Centuries Religion Is represented in art and architecture Romanesque and Gothic styles Vernacular literature (Beowulf, Canterbury Tales) and secular art forms develop as well Scholasticism combines faith and reason Peter Abelard St. Thomas Aquinas St. Bernard of Clairvaux

12th and 13th Centuries Economy Improvements in Agriculture Peasant condition improves; landlord power weakens Growth of Trade and Banking Use of currency Market system develops Guilds organized

Europe During The Late Middle Ages (1300 CE to 1450 CE) ~Disease & decline~ Europe During The Late Middle Ages (1300 CE to 1450 CE)

Late Postclassical Decline Key Developments Professional militaries & use of gunpowder Population boom & mini ice age Bubonic plague Decline of “Postclassical” characteristics Feudalism in decline, serfdom ending Aristocracy loses power Church loses power to State Intellectual inquiries become separate from state

Fishbowl Discussion Questions To what extent were the Middle Ages a Dark Age? To what extent do you agree that Charlemagne’s family was a family that forged Europe. Why might the Middle Ages be a misnomer for this period? What postclassical themes are present in Western Europe between 550 and 1000 CE? Why is the term Western Civilization hard to define? Compare Postclassical Europe to the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. What was the status of women during the Middle Ages?

Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline Halloween What does the interaction between cultures suggest about how Christianity spread in Europe during the postclassical period? brainpop Username:greenwichps Password: gps2009