Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Reproductive System Chapter 16 Male Reproduction anatomy sperm Female Reproduction anatomy ovarian cycle menstrual cycle

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Male Reproductive System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Male Reproductive Organs and Glands

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Male Reproductive System: Produces and Delivers Sperm  Testes produce sperm  Site: seminiferous tubules  Reproductive tubules: epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, penis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Male Reproductive System: Accessory Glands  Seminal vesicles  Secrete fructose, seminal fluid  Prostate gland  Secretes watery alkaline fluid  Bulbourethral gland  Secretes lubricating mucus  Cleanses urethra

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Sperm Production  Several cell divisions of mitosis and meiosis  Purpose  Produce a large number of sperm with half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells (haploid)  Sequence  Primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, sperm

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.3 Blood Testosterone Concentration and Sperm Production

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Regulation of Male Reproductive Activity  Hormones  Testosterone  Source: Leydig cells in seminiferous tubules  Function: controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues, stimulates aggression and sexual behavior, and secondary sexual characteristics

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Regulation of Male Reproductive Activity  Hormones (continued)  Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)  LH stimulates production of testosterone  FSH may enhance sperm formation with Sertoli cells  Inhibin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.4a Female Reproductive System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.2 Female Reproductive System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Reproductive System: Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy  Ovaries  Release oocytes and secrete the hormones estrogen and progesterone  Oviduct (fallopian tube)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Reproductive System: Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy (cont.)  Uterus: the hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg grows and develops  Layers  Endometrium: supports fertilized egg, part of it sloughs off during menstrual flow  Myometrium: smooth muscle, expands during pregnancy, constricts during labor  Cervix: the narrow opening in the lower part of the uterus that permits sperm to enter the uterus and allows the fetus to exit during birth

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.6 Ovarian Cycle

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle  Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy  Menstrual phase  Days 1–5  Estrogen and progesterone decrease  Endometrial lining degenerates  Menstruation occurs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle  Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy (cont.)  Proliferative phase  Days 6–14  Estrogen and progesterone increase  Endometrial lining proliferates  Ovulation  Day 14

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Cycle  Uterine cycle prepares uterus for pregnancy (cont.)  Secretory phase  Days 15–28  Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen  Endometrium continues to proliferate  Uterine glands mature

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.7 Menstrual Cycle

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.8 Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Regulation of Menstrual Cycle  Cycles of hormones of pituitary and reproductive structures  Positive feedback  In proliferative phase, increasing estrogen causes surge in LH  Negative feedback  In secretory phase, steady levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH release

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.3 Contraceptive Methods: Failure Rates

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation—Ovulation & Hormonal Birth Control Methods Birth Control Methods  Abstinence  Surgical sterilization: vasectomy, tubal ligation  Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, rings  IUDs: small plastic or metal piece inserted into uterus  Diaphragms and cervical caps: block the cervix  Chemical spermicides: kill sperm cells PLAY

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Birth Control Methods (cont.)  Condoms: trap ejaculated sperm  Natural alternatives: rhythm method, withdrawal  Morning-after pills: prevent pregnancy from continuing  Abortion: terminate pregnancy  The future: male birth control pill; vaccines for women

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Infertility: Inability to Conceive  Many causes of infertility  Number and quality of sperm  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)  Endometriosis  Miscarriage

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Infertility: Inability to Conceive  Enhancing fertility  Artificial insemination  In vitro fertilization  GIFT  ZIFT  Fertility-enhancing drugs  Surrogate mothers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Worldwide Problem  Bacterial  Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia  Viral  HIV, hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV  Other  Yeasts (Candida), protozoan (Trichomonas), arthropod (pubic lice)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Worldwide Problem  Prevention strategies  Choose partner wisely  Communicate  Use suitable barriers  Get tested and treated  Get vaccinated