Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cycles in the Female.

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Presentation transcript:

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Cycles in the Female

Terminology Estrus is a noun. –The cow is displaying estrus. Estrous is an adjective. –The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. Oestrus and Oestrous –British and European spellings Estrus and Heat are synonymous

Terminology (cont.) Anestrus –When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.

Types of Cyclicity Polyestrus

Types of Cyclicity Seasonally Polyestrus Short day breeders (Fall) Long day breeders (Spring)

Type of Cyclicity Monoestrus DogWolfBear

Average Reproductive Cycles Species Length of Length ofOvulation Length of Estrous Cycle EstrusPregnancy cow 21 days 18 hr11 hr after282 days polyestrusend estrus ewe 17 days 29 hrnear end148 days seasonal (fall)estrus sow 21 days48-72 hr35-45 hr115 days polyestrusafter start estrus mare 21 days4-8 days3-6 day of335 days seasonal (spring)estrus polyestrus(1-2 days before end of estrus)

Variation in Cycle Types ExampleType of Follicular Ovulation & CL CycleDevelopmentCL Formation Function Cow, ewe, LongSpontaneousSpontaneousSpontaneous sow, mare rats, mice, ShortSpontaneousSpontaneous Induced hamsters (4 days) (prolactin) rabbit, cat,InducedSpontaneous Induced Induced mink, ferret, (LH surge) otter, alpaca

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

Follicular Phase Proestrus follicle enlarges estrogen increases vascularity of the female reproductive tract increases endometrial glands begin to grow estrogen levels peak

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

Estrus allows male to mount estrogen decreases LH surge occurs ovulation hr after surge of LH uterine motility high with contractions moving toward oviduct sperm transport is optimal cervical mucus volume increases Follicular Phase

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

Luteal Phase Metestrus estrogen low ovulation in cow corpus hemorrhagicum present uterus  contractions subside  endometrial glands continue to grow and become coiled  in cattle bleeding occurs FSH increases  triggering growth of follicles

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

Luteal Phase Diestrus progesterone high FSH  Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle Uterus  secrets fluid but volume gradually decreases  contraction stop  CL regresses at the end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release

Characteristics of Estrous Cycles Cow Ewe Sow Mare Estrous cycle (days) Proestrus (days) Estrus12-18 hr24-36 hr48-72 hr4-8 days Metestrus (days) Diestrus (days)

Causes of Anestrus Pregnancy Presence of Offspring Season Stress Pathology Nutrition

Gestational Anestrus

Progesterone during pregnancy –negative feedback After parturition anestrus continues –progesterone exposure during pregnancy –hypothalamus Lacks estradiol positive feedback allows time for uterine involution

Seasonal Anestrus Horses are long day breeders!

Sheep are short day breeders!

Estradiol

Negative Feedback increases Decreased Negative Feedback

Estradiol

Seasonal Anestrus just like entering puberty silent ovulation

+ +

Silent Ovulation Anestrus Estrus

Lactational Anestrus

Suckling Effect on LH

Lactational Anestrus Suckling Other offspring factors –visual encounter –olfactory encounter –auditory encounter Prolactin –inhibits GnRH release –major infertility problem in women who are not lactating

Nutritional Anestrus

Menstrual Cycle

FSH LH Estradiol Progesterone Follicle Ovulation Corpus Luteum Corpus Albicans Anterior Pituitary Hormones Ovarian Hormones Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium Recruitment Selection Dominance Recruitment

FSH LH Estradiol Progesterone Follicle Ovulation Corpus Luteum Anterior Pituitary Hormones Ovarian Hormones Ovary Uterine Endo- metrium Menses 5 days 5 days 5 days 5 days Follicular Phase 9 days Luteal Phase 14 days

Variation in Menstrual Cycle Length 35-day cycle Ovulation 14 days Menses Foll. PhaseLuteal Phase Menses 28-day cycle Menses Luteal Phase Menses Foll. Phase 25-day cycle Menses Foll. Phase Menses Luteal Phase 14 days 5 days 6 days 9 days 16 days 14 days Breast Tenderness Breast Tenderness

Menstural Cycle Length AGE  Length  year olds 35 days  30 year olds 30 days  35 year olds 28 days  Variation  More in teenagers  Less in women in peak reproductive years

Rest are extra slides not used in 2006

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH Estradiol MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation

CA Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge LH FSH PGF 2  Estradiol Progesterone MetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus CL Ovulation