Follicular maturation Puberty: – ______________________ secretes increased amounts of ___________….ovaries enlarge. – Oocyte of a follicle enlarges and becomes a primary follicle.

Secondary follicle Outer ovarian cells change into – secretes steroids and – Secondary follicle: has layers of cells with ____________________________ that becomes a cavity. Oocyte is pressed to one side of the follicle. Maturation:

Ovulation Ovulation: Hormone stimulation from the pituitary triggers ovulation. Mature follicle ruptures – sending the _

Fallopian Tubes opens into _ expands into______________________ which partially encloses the ovary. Branched extensions are _

Uterus shaped like an inverted pear Size changes during pregnancy. Located within the __________________ of the pelvic cavity, ________________________, and is bent forward over the urinary bladder.

Uterus ____________________: dome shaped top which _ __________________: neck, lower 1/3.

Uterine layers Endometrium: – Myometrium: – thick _ – Both endo and myo change during menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Perimetrium is an outer _

Vagina Vagina: a _ Conveys __________________ secretions, provides the channel for _

Vagina Tubular vagina also _ Fornix: the recesses _ Vaginal orifice is partially closed by a _____________________________________ called the _ – contains an opening which allows uterine and vaginal secretions to pass to the outside.

Vaginal Wall Three layers of vaginal wall: – 1. – Forms _ – – Mucus in the lumen of the vagina _______________________________________ and the vestibular glands 2. muscular layer: – 3. – attaches vaginal wall to surrounding organs.

External Structures Female ______________________ reproductive organs: – structures that surround the _ – Include _ – – vestibular glands.

Labia Majora Labia Majora: – – Correspond to the _________________ of the male. – Skin includes _ – Separated by pudendal cleft. – Merge to form a rounded elevation of adipose tissue called _ – At posterior ends, they taper and merge _

Labia Minora Labia Minora extend along _ Anteriorly, they _

Clitoris small projection at anterior end of vulva between labia minora. Corresponds to the _ – Has __________________________ called corpora cavernosa. – At anterior end, clitoris forms _______________, which is _

Vestibule – the ______________________ that the labia minora enclose. Vaginal opening is the in the _ ____________ opens in_____________, anterior to vagina and posterior to clitoris.

Glands Vestibular glands: – correspond to the _ – Lie on each side of the _

Female Sexual response ________________________ nerve impulses cause _ – Blood flow increases, and – – Vagina begins to _

Female Sexual Response parasympathetic impulses stimulate – serves to __________________________ the tissues, facilitates the _ _______________________ of tissues and reduces friction.

Female orgasm The culmination of stimulation is orgasm. the vagina ____________________________ resulting in an increased friction. Orgasm initiates a series of reflexes in which the – – ________________________________________ contract rhythmically. The contractions help to __________________________________ towards the uterine tubes.

Female Sex hormones ______________________ secretes _ Stimulates _______________________ to – release _ Primary source of estrogen is – ______________________ if female not pregnant, – also synthesized in _

Female Sex hormones With puberty, the anterior pituitary influences the ovaries to secrete estrogen. Estrogen _ – vagina, –

Secondary sex characteristics 1. Development of the _ 2. Increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks 3. Increased _

Secondary Sex characteristics Other changes related to puberty are related to _ – Growth of ___________________________ is due to androgens.

______________________: the onset of the first menstrual cycle. Occurs after reproductive organs mature and respond to hormones. _______________________: regular recurring changes in the _______________________ which culminates in menstrual bleeding. _______________________: the _

Hormones – stimulates the _ – Granulosa cells of the follicle produce _ _______ stimulates the theca interna, to secrete precursor molecules that are used to produce estrogen.

Cycle _______________________ concentration of ____________________ during the first week of a menstrual cycle – changes the _ – thickens the _ The developing follicle completes maturation and _______________________________, the follicle appears on the surface of the ovary as a bulge.

Estrogen While the follicle matures, _____________________________________ _____________________________________ from the anterior pituitary gland, Pituitary glands _ Estrogen makes the anterior pituitary cells more sensitive to GnRH.

mid-cycle Near the 14 th day of the follicular development, there is a _ The surge in the LH concentration, (about 36 hours) _ The _____________________________ escape from the ovary which is ovulation.

Corpus Luteum After ovulation the follicle and the theca interna rapidly change. Under the influence of ________, the follicular and thecal cells expand to form a _

Corpus Luteum Follicular cells secrete some ________________________________during the first part of the menstrual cycle. ___________________________ cells secrete abundant progesterone and estrogen during the second half of the cycle. – Sharp increase in blood concentration of ________________________ with the establishment of the corpus luteum.

Progesterone causes the endometrium to become more vascular and glandular. Stimulates the uterine glands to secrete more _ The endometrial tissues fill with fluids _______________________________ which will help to support an embryo.

Estrogen/Progesterone Presence of estrogen and progesterone cause an _ Therefore, _

Menstruation corpus luteum begins to degenerate becomes the _ When corpus luteum ceases to function concentrations of estrogen and progesterone decline rapidly – Blood vessels in the endometrium ___________________, causing a reduction of the oxygen and nutrients. – The lining tissues _

Menstruation As the blood escapes from the damaged capillaries, the _ Flow usually begins at day 28 continues for _________ days while _

Menstruation Blood concentrations of estrogen and progesterone are low at the beginning of the menstrual cycle – – stimulates a _____________________, and the cycle repeats

Menopause Cycles continue until the late _______________________________ when they become _ The primary follicles are _ ___________________________ that would normally be produced by the _______________________________ and ovaries is no longer available.

Menopause _____________________ estrogen and progesterone change the _ Estrogen maintained them and is no longer available – the breast, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes _ – Pubic and axillary _____________________. Epithelial linings thin. ___________________. Thinning skin.

Menopause – no effect on follicle, because _ – No ____________________________ being produced to inhibit it. Menopausal symptoms include _

Pregnancy _____________________________ must enter uterine tube and be exposed to the male sperm cells. Secondary oocyte _ Male sperm may exist for _

Fertilization Sperm reaches secondary oocyte and the __________________________ and its enzymes helps _ Female meiosis completed only _ – Nuclei unite, membranes degrade, chromosomes mingle. –

Cleavage Zygote undergoes _ Gives rise to two cells… blastomeres. Two cells divide, turn to four cells, eight cells, etc. _