The Vietnam War: The War Unfolds

VIETNAM - Beginnings The United States entered the Vietnam War to defeat Communist forces threatening South Vietnam. “You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that will go over very quickly.” –President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1954)

What events led to the war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam? End of World War II - Japanese occupation of Vietnam ended French Indochina - A French colony that France tried to regain control of after WWII Nationalist uprising against the French in the North (led by Nationalist Communists under Ho Chi Minh and General Giap) French defeated at Dien Bien Phu

What events led to the war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam? Geneva Accords divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel North led by Ho Chi Minh South led by anti- Communist Ngo Dinh Diem Elections set for 1956 refused by South Vietnam - feared Communist unfairness and victory

The Vietnam War, 1954–1975 Although neighboring Laos and Cambodia were officially neutral, both aided the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong by providing access to bases and the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a vital supply route from North to South

What events led to the war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam? By 1960, President Eisenhower had pledged American support to Diem in the South US had 675 military ‘advisors’ there US presence justified by the “domino theory” - if one country falls to communism, the rest will eventually fall too.

What were the Vietnam policies of President Kennedy and Robert McNamara? JFK - determined to stop spread of communism McNamara (Sec. of Defense) developed ‘flexible response’ Continued support of the South Vietnamese struggle against the North

The United States continued to support the unpopular South Vietnamese government under Diem. South Vietnamese leader Diem - very unpopular, dictatorial –Led to protests in the South by Buddhists Strategic hamlets - relocated Vietnamese farmers National Liberation Front formed in a.k.a Viet Cong (VC) = guerillas in the South - supported by North Vietnamese Army (NVA) supplies

Events in November 1963 dramatically changed United States ambitions in Vietnam. Diem assassinated Nov. 1, 1963 in a military coup JFK assassinated Nov. 22, 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson (VP) became president LBJ continued Vietnam policies of JFK

How did President Lyndon Johnson change the course of the Vietnam War? Johnson feared Vietnam going Communist August 5, 1964: Tonkin Gulf Incident Congress passed Tonkin Gulf Resolution - Gave LBJ broad executive powers to wage war

The Vietnam War: Fighting the War: … At home and abroad. “And it’s one, two, three, What are we fightin’ for?…” -Country Joe and the Fish

VIETNAM - Escalation and Fighting The violence and brutality of the Vietnam War affected civilians as well as soldiers.

Escalation of American involvement began in 1965 and continued through Beginning of ,000 troops End of ,000 troops

How did battlefield conditions in Vietnam affect American soldiers? The Vietnam war was characterized by small engagements (fights) that involved guerilla- type warfare. For US soldiers, it was difficult to know the difference between friend (ARVN [South Vietnamese regular army]) and foe (VC [Viet Cong])

Battlefield conditions in Vietnam American tactics consisted of “search and destroy” missions and massive bombing of VC targets. “Operation Rolling Thunder” - intensive bombing campaign from Americans had absolute mastery of the air throughout the course of the war.

Bombing during Vietnam inflicted heavy damage on the landscape and thousands of military and civilian casualties. Americans used ‘saturation bombing’ and fragmentation bombs Americans also used chemicals to defoliate the landscape –Napalm –Agent Orange

US casualties increased. Casualties began to mount and TV networks broadcast scenes from the battlefield Weekly body counts became standard TV fare for nightly news.

America’s first ‘TV’ War People’s perceptions of the war were more and more influenced by television news reports

“Hawks” and “Doves” Hawks - supported the war Doves - opposed the war Although the majority of Americans still supported the Vietnam War, there was increasing disagreement in both government and the public mind over US Vietnam policy.

A Growing Antiwar Movement More and more people saw the Vietnam war as a waste of federal tax money that could have been applied to LBJ’s Great Society domestic social programs.

LBJ attempted to rally support War faced growing protest and unpopularity at home. LBJ continued to promote the war in order to maintain support for GREAT SOCIETY programs in the USA. Escalation continued. A growing ‘credibility gap’.

The Tet Offensive: 1968 A coordinated set of attacks by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during Tet (Vietnamese New Year) US tactical victory - inflicted heavy losses on the VC and North Vietnamese North Vietnamese strategic advantage - American public support of war dropped

The impact of the Tet Offensive on American Public Opinion After the Tet Offensive in Jan- Feb of 1968, public opinion turned more sharply against continuing the war. Vocal anti-war protests increased Many Americans felt that: –US soldiers were not given a chance to win –US didn’t have a clear objective in Vietnam for victory LBJ made surprise announcement he wouldn’t seek re-election in 1968

Tet Illustrated Communist (VC) brutality and the brutality of the war in general In recapturing Hue (Vietnamese city), VC murdered 5000 civilians before surrendering. Suicide bombers hit civilian targets as well. South Vietnamese responded in anger and brutality as well.

My Lai Massacre US soldiers under Lt. William Calley murdered Vietnamese civilians at My Lai (village) [250+] US helicopter crew stopped the slaughter Story with pictures published in LIFE magazine in 1971 American public horrified. An isolated incident but shocking that American soldiers could or would commit such atrocities

Review Questions - answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper Describe how the battlefield conditions affected the following people in Vietnam: –US Soldiers –Vietnamese civilians Explain why the initial military action resulted in a stalemate. Describe the Tet Offensive of Explain how and why it proved to be a turning point in the Vietnam War. Choose a position either for (hawk) or against (dove) the war. Write a brief letter to the editor from that position.

The Vietnam War: The End of the War: Seeking Peace with Honor

The Paris Peace Talks and the Election of Begun May 5, No results. Nixon campaign message claimed he had a secret plan to end the war. LBJ - not seeking re- election Democratic race included: –VP Hubert H. Humphrey –Sen. Robert F. Kennedy –Sen. Eugene McCarthy

Republican Richard Nixon won in a political comeback. Robert Kennedy assassinated in June. McCarthy - outspoken anti-war candidate. Democratic National Convention - Chicago riot Nixon defeated Humphrey. Promised to end the war and sought “peace with honor”.

“Vietnamization” and Peace with Honor Plan of removing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese soldiers. US continued heavy bombing of Vietnam US troop strength dropped from 500,000 in 1969 to 24,000 by 1972

Widening the war into Cambodia… to end it. Nixon ordered secret bombing of Viet Cong sanctuaries insided Cambodia (1970) US and South Vietnamese troops also invaded Cambodia Nixon hoped to win concessions at the bargaining table. Operation Linebacker B-52s to bomb Cambodia

Kent State (Akron, Ohio) 1970 News of Cambodian invasion set off a new round of campus anti-war protests (May 1970) Jackson State (MS), 2 killed, 11 wounded Kent State - Ohio National Guard confronted hundreds of protesters -- 4 students killed, 9 wounded Hundreds of campuses shut down early due to unrest.

Nixon calls for law and order Nixon appealed to the great “silent majority” of Americans. “If a vocal minority, however fervent its cause, prevails over reason and the will of the majoirty, this nation has no future as a free society.”

“Hard Hat” riots in New York City in support of Nixon Over 100,000 construction workers marched. Angry at the student anti- war protestors

“Peace is at Hand” Paris Peace talks stalled since Renewed periodically. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger claimed peace was at hand - just before 1972 election. December 1972, new round of bombing - “Christmas bombings” (Nixon - a “mad bomber”) Bombed Hanoi, North Vietnam

Paris Peace Accords The United States would withdraw all its forces from South Vietnam within 60 days. All prisoners of war would be released. All parties to the agreement would end military activities in Laos and Cambodia. The 17th parallel would continue to divide North and South Vietnam until the country could be reunited.

South Vietnam falls North continued its assault on the South Saigon (capital of South) fell to communists in April, 1975 US evacuates 1,000 remaining Americans and 6,000 Vietnamese to aircraft carriers Vietnam united under communist rule

Saigon : the final days

Southeast Asia after the war. “Dominoes” of Laos and Cambodia fell to communism - no other SE Asian countries Cambodian Khmer Rouge government seized control under Pol Pot. Vietnam - 100,000s of South Vietnamese civilians, soldiers, civil servants, professionals forced into ‘re- education’ camps. 1.5 million Vietnamese fled the country (100,000s of Cambodians and Laotians also) to the United States.

Scenes of post-1975 SE Asia

Legacy of the War 58,000 Americans dead 300,000 wounded 2,500 POWs $150 billion More bomb tonnage than in all Axis countries of WWII - combined Millions of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed end of US embargo formal US recognition of Vietnam

The Vietnam Memorial - The Wall…