What is funduscopy? And… Why is it important to you?

Web sites of interest: Welch Alleyn go to “optometry student” menu drop down Red Atlas

Review of ocular anatomy

Retinal Layers

Optic Nerve Anatomy

Choroidal Vessels

Funduscopy Techniques/instruments Direct Ophthalmoscopy Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Fundus Biomicroscopy Fundus Contact Lens

Why do we dilate pupils?

Direct Ophthalmoscopy Advantages Portable Easy to use Upright image Magnification  15x Can use w/o dilation Disadvantages Small field of view Lack of stereopsis Media opacities can degrade image

PanOptic Ophthalmoscope Manufacturer: Welch Allyn Increased field of view & mag Increased working distance Hand held but less portable

Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Monocular or binocular Advantages: Wide field of view Binocular instruments provide stereopsis Disadvantages: Requires more skill Decreased magnification (3x) Requires dilation Inverted image

Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

Fundus Biomicroscopy Field of View & Mag: FOV direct varies w/lens & slit lamp mag Inverted image Stereopsis Dilated pupil Requires skill

Fundus Biomicroscopy

Fundus Contact Lens Requires physical contact w/eye Viewed w/Biomicroscope Advanced dx & surgery Field of view & Mag vary w/lens design

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Basic skills Optics: Illumination system Magnifier Hyperopes myopes Observation system Lens wheel Apertures

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Basic skills Viewing ocular media Observe red reflex Look for media opacities Cataracts Corneal scars Large floaters

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Basic skills Proper position for central fundus viewing Right eye to right eye Left eye to left eye Don’t rub noses…

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Basic skills Proper position for peripheral fundus viewing

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Exam technique Be systematic Start at optic disc & work radially Observe: Optic disc: C/D ratio Vessels: course & caliber, AV ratio, light reflex, crossings/banking Macula Peripheral fundus

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: Basic skills Clinical pearls FOV incr. when closer to Pt. Larger pupil increases FOV Contact lenses Check lens wheel– watch accommodation

Normal Fundus

Viewing the Optic Nerve Head Observe: Size Shape Color Margins Cup to disc ratio (C/D) horiz & Vert

Blood Vessel Evaluation Observe: Vessel diameter Shape/tortuosity Color Crossings Light reflex Artery/Vein (A/V) ratio: after 2 nd bifurcation

Hypertensive Retinopathy Scheie classification: I: Thinning of retinal arterioles relative to veins II: Obvious arteriolar narrowing w/focal areas of attenuation III: Stage II + cotton wool spots, exudates & hemes IV: Stage III + swollen optic disk (similar to papilledema)

Vessel “Crossings” Normal crossing Direction change “banking’” or “nipping”

Arteriolosclerosis Increased light reflex (1/2) “Copper wire” arterioles “Silver wiring” arterioles whitish appearance w/continuing sclerosis Increased A/V crossings

Macula Lies about 2DD (disc diameters) temporal to the optic disc Should be avascular May appear darker red than surrounding retina Should see bright foveal reflex on younger pts