1

2 Think about… 8.1 The transport system 8.2 The blood 8.3 The blood vessels 8.4 The heart 8.5 Blood circulation Recall ‘Think about…’ Summary concept map

3 The patient has lost a lot of blood. He needs blood transfusion.

4 donated blood blood donor

5 donated blood

6 artificial blood bacteria producing haemoglobin

7 What are the functions of blood in our body 1

8 What is its role in the body What is haemoglobin 2

9 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood 3 Why

The transport system In our city: transport system to carry goods and people around

The transport system How are substances moved in organisms?

The transport system In very small organisms: O2O2 nutrients waste by diffusion

13 In multicellular organisms: substances need to move long distance 8.1 The transport system by a transport system

14 human transport system lymphatic system ( 淋巴系統 ) circulatory system ( 循環系統 ) 8.1 The transport system

15 Human circulatory system blood 8.1 The transport system carries nutrients and waste

16 Human circulatory system blood vessels ( 血管 ) 8.1 The transport system distributed throughout the body

17 Human circulatory system heart 8.1 The transport system as a pump to drive blood

18 1 Humans are organisms. A is needed to carry substances from one place to another over long distances within the body. multicellular transport system 8.1 The transport system

19 2 The human circulatory system consists of: blood blood vessels heart 8.1 The transport system

The blood What is the composition?

21 centrifugation Composition of blood 8.2 The blood

22 Composition of blood plasma blood cells 8.2 The blood

23 1Plasma 90% water 10% soluble substances 8.2 The blood

24 10% soluble substances - plasma proteins - nutrients - waste - respiratory gases - hormones 1Plasma 8.2 The blood

25 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

26 blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

27 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Shape Biconcave disc IrregularSmall & irregular 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

28 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Nucleus Colour NoLargeNo RedColourless 2Blood cells due to haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

29 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Size Small (7-8 μ m)* Phagocyte: large (10-29 μ m)* Lymphocyte: small (6-10 μ m)* < red blood cells (1-4 μ m)* 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood * Diameter

30 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Number (/mm 3 ) Function 5.4 million Carrying oxygen Killing germs Blood clotting 2Blood cells by haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

31 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Made in Life span Bone marrow Bone marrow, spleen Bone marrow 120 daysA few days 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

32 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Break down in Liver and spleen Killed by germs; Passed out in faeces Liver and spleen 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

33 What are the functions of blood? 8.2 The blood

34 Functions of blood 1Transport of substances Red blood cells oxygen 8.2 The blood

35 Functions of blood 1Transport of substances Plasma carbon dioxide nutrients urea 8.2 The blood hormones heat antibodies

36 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases engulfs and digests germs Phagocyte 8.2 The blood

37 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases 8.2 The blood produces antibodies Lymphocyte kill germs or neutralize toxins

38 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases 8.2 The blood help in blood clotting Blood platelets prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds

39 1 blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell blood cellsplasma blood 8.2 The blood

40 carries heat and 2 Functions of blood: Plasma dissolved substances 8.2 The blood

41 contain to carry oxygen 2 Functions of blood: Red blood cells haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

42 protect us against 2 Functions of blood: White blood cells diseases 8.2 The blood

43 help in 2 Functions of blood: Blood platelets blood clotting 8.2 The blood

The blood vessels Three types of blood vessels arteries veins capillaries heart aorta arteries arterioles capillaries veins venules venae cavae

45 capillary network ( 微血管網 ) arteriole ( 小動脈 ) artery ( 動脈 ) venule ( 小靜脈 ) vein ( 靜脈 ) 8.3 The blood vessels

46 Arteries and veins artery vein 8.3 The blood vessels

47 Arteries and veins artery thin layer of fibrous tissue smaller lumen thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue thicker wall 8.3 The blood vessels

48 Arteries and veins vein thick layer of fibrous tissue thin layer of muscles and elastic tissue thinner wall larger lumen 8.3 The blood vessels

49 Arteries and veins 8.3 The blood vessels Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall? arteryvein

50 contracts and relaxes diameter changed regulates amount of blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels thick muscular wall Arteries and veins

51 Arteries and veins 8.3 The blood vessels Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres? arteryvein

52 when heart relaxes arteries recoil ( 反衝 ) continuous blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins

53 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Direction of blood flow Away from the heart Towards the heart arteryvein 8.3 The blood vessels

54 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Nature of blood Oxygenated Deoxygenated oxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood (not in pulmonary vein and umbilical vein) (not in pulmonary artery and umbilical artery) 8.3 The blood vessels

55 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Wall ThinnerThicker arteryvein 8.3 The blood vessels (fewer elastic fibres) (more elastic fibres)

56 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Lumen LargeSmall small lumenlarge lumen (resistance  ) 8.3 The blood vessels

57 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Blood pressure LowHigh due to pumping of heart due to resistance in capillaries 8.3 The blood vessels

58 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Force for blood flow Contraction of muscles Pumping of heart blood flow pumping contraction blood flow squeeze veins 8.3 The blood vessels

59 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Presence of valves PresentAbsent except at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta prevent backflow of blood 8.3 The blood vessels

60 Arteries and veins vein valve muscle 1Muscles contract. 2They press against the vein. to heart 8.3 The blood vessels

61 Arteries and veins 3The vein is squeezed. 4The blood is forced to flow. to heart 8.3 The blood vessels

62 Arteries and veins to heart 8.3 The blood vessels 5Muscles relax. 6Valves prevent blood from flowing back.

63 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Location Close to body surface Deep inside the body 8.3 The blood vessels

64 capillary network ( 微血管網 ) arteriole ( 小動脈 ) artery ( 動脈 ) venule ( 小靜脈 ) vein ( 靜脈 ) 8.3 The blood vessels

65 Capillaries small lumen one-cell thick capillary wall differentially permeable 8.3 The blood vessels

66 Capillaries outside inside capillary wall 8.3 The blood vessels

67 Capillaries small substances, e.g. O 2, glucose and metabolic waste can pass through 8.3 The blood vessels outside inside

68 Capillaries blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through 8.3 The blood vessels  outside inside

69 1 Wrap a small living fish in moist paper towels and put it in a Petri dish. Put a slide over the tail fin. 8.3 Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin Video 8.3 The blood vessels

Using low power magnification of a microscope or an image analysing device, observe the movement of blood in the capillary network in the tail fin. red blood cell 8.3 The blood vessels

Results of observation The blood flow in the capillary network is quite slow. The direction of flow is one way. Red blood cells have a similar diameter to that of the capillaries. 8.3 The blood vessels red blood cell

72 Blood pressure blood pressure artery arteriole pumping of heart: blood pressure  high & changes periodically 8.3 The blood vessels

73 Blood pressure blood pressure artery narrow diameter: high resistance  blood pressure drops capillary arteriole 8.3 The blood vessels

74 Blood pressure blood pressure artery long distance from heart: great friction  blood pressure further drops capillary arteriole venule vein 8.3 The blood vessels

75 1 heart aortaarteries pumps blood into branches into branch into drain blood into join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

76 arterioles capillaries venules branch into a network of (exchange of materials) join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

77 1 heart aortaarteries veinsvenae cavae pumps blood into branches into branch into drain blood into join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

78 22 Arteries: carries blood (except artery and artery) oxygenated pulmonary umbilical 8.3 The blood vessels

79 22 Arteries: wall contains thick layer of muscles to regulate the blood flow elastic fibres recoil to maintain blood flow muscles elastic 8.3 The blood vessels

80 22 Veins: carries blood (except vein and vein) deoxygenated pulmonary umbilical 8.3 The blood vessels

81 22 Veins: lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow present to prevent backflow of blood large valves backflow 8.3 The blood vessels blood flows in one direction

82 22 Capillaries: allows exchange of materials between blood and body cells exchange 8.3 The blood vessels

83 contraction of muscles lying next to the veins pumping action of the heart 3 Movement of blood: In arteries: pumping action 8.3 The blood vessels In veins: contraction

84 a great due to narrow diameter 4 Blood pressure: high drops drop In arteries: In arterioles: In capillaries: gradually 8.3 The blood vessels

85 becomes even as the blood has overcome great friction and travelled a long distance 4 Blood pressure: friction In veins: lower 8.3 The blood vessels

The heart 3D Model in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

The heart about the size of a fist ( 拳 )

The heart weighs about 300 g

The heart surrounded by pericardium ( 圍心膜 )

The heart mainly made up of cardiac muscles ( 心肌 )

91 Structure of the heart left atrium ( 左心房 ) left ventricle ( 左心室 ) right atrium ( 右心房 ) right ventricle ( 右心室 ) 8.4 The heart

92 Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins coronary artery coronary vein anterior vena cava posterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

93 Structure of the heart coronary arteries ( 冠狀動脈 ) -receive blood from aorta -supply oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscles coronary veins ( 冠狀靜脈 ) -carry away carbon dioxide and waste 8.4 The heart

94 Structure of the heart 8.4 The heart

95 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

96 Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary veins pulmonary artery anterior vena cava posterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

97 Structure of the heart bicuspid valve septum tricuspid valve semilunar valves 8.4 The heart

98 Structure of the heart 8.4 The heart septum prevents mixing of blood on the two sides deoxygenated blood oxygenated blood

99 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

100 Atria thin muscular wall 8.4 The heart

101 deoxygenated blood from head & arms Atria anterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

102 deoxygenated blood from head & arms Atria deoxygenated blood from legs & abdomen oxygenated blood from lungs posterior vena cava pulmonary veins 8.4 The heart

103 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

104 Ventricles 8.4 The heart thick muscular wall

105 Ventricles 8.4 The heart left ventricle has thicker muscular wall right left

106 Ventricles left atriumright atrium left ventricle right ventricle pulmonary artery aorta lungs rest of body 8.4 The heart Animation

107 Structure of the heart bicuspid valve tricuspid valve semilunar valves 8.4 The heart septum

The heart Heart valves

The heart Heart valves tricuspid valve (3 flaps) bicuspid valve (2 flaps) aorta pulmonary artery semilunar valves

110 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart prevent backflow of blood into atria

111 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart held by tough heart tendons ( 心腱索 )

112 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart held by tough heart tendons ( 心腱索 ) prevent valves from turning inside out

113 Heart valves Semilunar valves 8.4 The heart prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

114 1 Identify the left and right sides, the dorsal and ventral sides, and the major blood vessels of a pig heart. 8.4 Dissection and examination of a pig heart Video 8.4 The heart

Run water slowly into each of the four major blood vessels in turn. Observe what happens. 8.4 The heart

ventral side 8.4 The heart 3Cut the ventricles from the bottom into two halves horizontally. First along the left side, then along the middle and lastly along the right side. Remove the ventral halves of the ventricles.

Cut the atria into two halves to show the valves. Remove the ventral halves of the atria. Cut open the base of the pulmonary artery and identify the semilunar valves inside. pulmonary artery 8.4 The heart

Move the pulmonary artery sideways to the left. Then cut open the base of the aorta and identify the semilunar valves inside. aorta 8.4 The heart

119 Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 1Cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously 8.4 The heart

120 2Ventricles have thick muscular wall 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

121 3Bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

122 4Heart tendons prevent bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

123 1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles. The carry away carbon dioxide and other waste from the cardiac muscles. coronary arteries coronary veins 8.4 The heart

124 2 The heart consists of four chambers: left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle 8.4 The heart

125 2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood: bicuspid valve semilunar valves tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart

126 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry deoxygenated blood into the heart venae cavae 8.4 The heart

127 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs pulmonary artery 8.4 The heart

128 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry oxygenated blood into the heart pulmonary veins 8.4 The heart

129 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body aorta 8.4 The heart

Blood circulation blood circulation pulmonary circulation ( 肺循環 ) systemic circulation ( 體循環 )

131 aorta pulmonary veins venae cavae 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary circulation pulmonary artery right left

132 aorta pulmonary veins venae cavae pulmonary artery all other parts of the body systemic circulation 8.5 Blood circulation right left

133 blood circulation pulmonary circulation ( 肺循環 ) systemic circulation ( 體循環 ) 8.5 Blood circulation

134 1 Pulmonary circulation 1 Right ventricle contracts. 8.5 Blood circulation

135 1 Pulmonary circulation 2 Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs. 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary artery

136 1 Pulmonary circulation 3 Gas exchange takes place. 8.5 Blood circulation lungs

137 1 Pulmonary circulation 4 Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium. 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary veins

138 2 Systemic circulation 1 Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

139 2 Systemic circulation 2 Left ventricle contracts. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

140 2 Systemic circulation 3 Blood is pumped to all body parts (except the lungs). 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs) aorta

141 2 Systemic circulation 4 Exchange of materials takes place, the blood becomes deoxygenated. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

142 2 Systemic circulation 5 Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs) venae cavae

143 aorta 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation

144 head, neck, arms 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation anterior vena cava

Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava

Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation hepatic artery liver hepatic vein

Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation small intestine liver hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich blood)

Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava 1After digestion, nutrient-rich blood is passed to liver through hepatic portal vein.

Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava 2The blood then flows through hepatic vein and posterior vena cava to the heart.

150 The pumps deoxygenated blood through the to the lungs for gas exchange. 1a In the pulmonary circulation: right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs 8.5 Blood circulation

151 The oxygenated blood flows through to the. 1a In the pulmonary circulation: left atrium pulmonary veins 8.5 Blood circulation

152 1b In the systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle. left ventricle 8.5 Blood circulation

153 1b In the systemic circulation: The left ventricle then pumps the blood through to all parts of the body except the lungs. lungs aorta 8.5 Blood circulation

154 1b In the systemic circulation: Exchange of materials takes place in the capillary bed. The blood becomes. deoxygenated 8.5 Blood circulation

155 1b In the systemic circulation: The deoxygenated blood returns to the through the. right atrium venae cavae 8.5 Blood circulation

156 What are the functions of blood in our body? 1 Blood is the transport medium in our body. It is also important in protecting us against diseases.

157 What is haemoglobin? What is its role in the body? 2 Haemoglobin in red blood cells acts as oxygen carriers.

158 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood? Why? 3 Artificial blood consisting mainly of haemoglobin can carry oxygen to the organs. However, it cannot serve for other functions of blood, such as defence against diseases and blood clotting.

159 is provided by Transport in humans circulatory system heart consists of bloodblood vessels lymphatic system

160 made up of blood plasma blood cells red blood cells include blood platelets white blood cells