1/17 Focus: 1/17 Focus: – Early Humans survived by hunting and gathering until some people began to practice agriculture about the end of the last ice age Do Now: Do Now: – Identify one group that helped preserve Greek and Roman knowledge after the fall of Rome.

Midterm Review

Subsistence farming Primary Source Natural Barriers Cultural Diffusion Timeline Ethnocentrism Secondary Source

The exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and technologies among cultures Mountains, deserts, oceans are examples of factors that limit the movement of groups of people A first hand source of information Sources of information that usually occur after the event happened Farming enough just to survive a tool which shows the chronological order of events Belief that one’s culture is superior to all others Cultural Diffusion Natural Barriers Primary Source Secondary Source Subsistence farming Timeline Ethnocentrism

Sample Questions 1. The main purpose of a time line is to show the (1) causes and effects of wars (2) location of important places (3) benefits of modern civilizations (4) chronological relationship between events 2. Which source of information is considered a primary source? (1) travel diary of Ibn Battuta (2) modern novel about the Golden Age of Islam (3) textbook on the history of North Africa (4) dictionary of English words adapted from Arabic 3. Which document is an example of a primary source? (1) a novel on the Age of Discovery (2) a diary of a Holocaust survivor (3) a textbook on Latin American history (4) an encyclopedia article on Songhai culture 4. The term “subsistence farmers” refers to people who grow (1) enough food to feed an entire village (2) food to sell in village markets (3) just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family (4) a single cash crop

Textbook Journal Entry Wikipedia entry about ancient China Video showing President Kennedy being assassinated Documentary on Ancient Egypt Autobiography Newspaper article written during the Civil War Primary Source Secondary Source Biography

Description Study of ancient remains and artifacts of culture Study of the exchange of goods and services; scarcity of resources Study of the earth and its features, location; movement of people Study of society Study of historical events; uses primary sources Study of the origin, physical development, and culture of humans Fields of Study Archeology Economics Geography Sociologist History Anthropology

Sample Questions 1. Which social scientist primarily studies how people change resources into goods and services? (1)archaeologist (2)economist (3) sociologist (4) psychologist 2. Which social scientists are best known for studying the physical artifacts of a culture? (1)geographers (2)economists (3) archaeologists (4) sociologists 3. Which aspect of social science would a geographer be most likely study? (1) how beliefs influence a group (2) how economic events influence history (3) how location influences how we live (4) how people make decisions about government

The belief that human life began in the Great Rift Valley or East Africa is known as the__________________ theory. A leading archeologist who supports this theory is Mary _______________ Answers: Out of Africa Theory Leakey

Nomadic people Basic stone age tools such as flint Primarily hunter/gathers Moved with their food sources Start of Agriculture Domestication of Animals Farming communities developed Allowed for the birth of cities and then civilizations A major turning point in human history

Sample Questions 1. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in history because it (1) influenced climatic changes (2) included the domestication of plants and animals (3) encouraged a nomadic lifestyle (4) caused a decline in population 3. What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution? (1) Food supplies became more reliable. (2) New sources of energy became available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4) Populations declined. 2. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by the (1) change from nomadic herding to settled farming (2) growth of iron tool-making technology (3) migration of early peoples to the Americas (4) decline of large empires

Art/ArchitectureOrganized Religion

Cities Job Specialization

GovernmentPublic Works

System of Writing Social Classes

1/15 Focus: 1/15 Focus: – The world’s first civilizations developed in River Valleys. – The people of these civilizations not only formed empires but developed writing and religious traditions Do Now: Do Now: – Identify one early form of writing

River Valley Civilizations List three common characteristics found in each of these locations.

Identify the civilization that each geographic characteristic is most closely associated. Nile River Valley Tigris & Euphrates Yellow River Indus River Monsoons Himalayas (2) Waterfalls and Sahara Desert Gobi Desert Hindu Kush Natural Barriers (3) Khyber Pass Fertile Crescent Unpredictable River flooding (3) Predictable Flooding (1) Lack of Natural Barriers

Identify the civilization that each term is associated with: Ziggurats Pyramids Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Dynastic Cycle Aryans Book of the Dead Hieroglyphics Cuneiform Han Dynasty Caste System Maurya and Gupta Empires Mandate of Heaven Hanging Gardens of Babylon Pharaohs Gilgamesh

Sample Questions These architectural achievements best indicate that (1) advanced technology existed in early civilizations (2) religion was of little importance (3) entertainment was important to these ancient societies (4) trade routes existed between China and the Americas One similarity between the ancient civilizations in Egypt and in China is that they developed (1) nomadic lifestyles (2) monotheistic belief systems (3) democratic governments (4) written forms of communication

1/21 Focus: Early empires had different ideas about government and the role of citizens. Athens in Greece developed the form of government known as democracy and Rome developed the republic. Do Now: – What is Dharma?

Early humans believed that everything living and nonliving in nature has a spirit this is known as _____________ Animism

Belief in many gods Belief in one god All religions have rules or codes of behavior – 10 Commandments – Five Pillars – Eightfold Path – Five Relationships Polytheism Monotheism Judaism and Christianity Islam Buddhism Confucianism

Reincarnation Dharma Karma Moksha Nirvana The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth The moral and religious duties expected of a person What you do in this life effects your next life Union with the Brahman (Atman) enlightenment

– Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Eightfold Path Dharma Karma Brahman Reincarnation Atman MokshaNirvanaThe Caste System Four Noble Truths No founder Founded by Siddhartha Guatma

Philosophies (Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism) – Identify the philosophy associated with each term, name, or statement The Five RelationshipsHarsh penalties for breaking laws Seek a balance with nature Filial Piety Strict control of education and free thinking Lao Tzu Placed high value on education rather than punishment “The Way”

Sample Questions 1. One way in which the Five Relationships, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path are similar is that they: (1)promote polytheism (2)provide codes of behavior (3)establish gender equality (4)describe secularism 2. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are similar in that they all ask their followers to (1)believe in reincarnation (2)strive for nirvana (3) follow a code of behavior (4) practice polytheism

Sample Questions 3. Which action is most closely associated with polytheism? (1)praying in a synagogue (2)worshipping many gods (3) accepting the Eightfold Path (4) reading the Koran 4. The five relationships taught by Confucius encouraged people to (1) improve their position in life (2) maintain social and political order (3) respect and worship nature (4) serve the needs of religious leaders

Sample Questions 5. Which factor most influenced a person’s social position in early Indian societies? (1)education (2)geographic location (3) birth (4)individual achievement Buddhism is introduced into Japan around A.D Islam extends from the Middle East into Spain by A.D Catholic and Protestant missionaries bring Christianity to Africa in the 1800s. 6. Each of these statements reflects the concept of (1)cultural diffusion (2)civil disobedience (3) urbanization (4)isolationism

Earliest evidence of codified law; eye for an eye if citizens are of equal classes Code of Law in Ancient Rome Developed by the Emperor Justinian; preserved Roman Law Developed during the Maurya Dynasty in India; displayed on Pillars throughout the empire Code of Hammurabi 12 Tables of Rome Justinian’s Code Pillars of Asoka

Sample Questions 1. The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution to the development of civilization because it (1)treated citizens and slaves equally (2)recorded existing laws for all to see (3) ended all physical punishment (4) rejected the principle of filial piety 2. The importance of the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code is that they (1)established legal principles (2)provided religious freedom (3) instituted democratic governments (4) promoted equality for all classes

Geography – Mountainous terrain led to the formation of __________________ – Greece is a __________________ surrounded by the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Sea – Coastline of Greece is irregular which gives them natural _________________ City States Peninsula Harbors

Athens Practiced direct democracy Citizens played a direct role in government Focused on education Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emphasized philosophy and reason Sparta Focused on Military Education was focused on military training

Established a large empire that spread from Greece to India and spread into the Middle East and Egypt Created Hellenistic Culture which blended: – __________________ – _________________ – __________________ – ___________________ This is an example of __________ Indian Egyptian Persian Greek Cultural Diffusion

Low hills and few natural barriers allowed for the Italian peninsula to be easily _________ Peninsula located in the ___________________Sea allowed for ______ and _______________ United Mediterranean Trade Expansion

Government in Rome was a _____________ – Citizens elected their officials to make laws Caesar became a _________________ and limited the power of the Senate Augustus Caesar became the first _________________ marking the end of the Republic Republic Dictator Emperor

Sample Questions 1. What was one cause of the development of many small independent city- states in ancient Greece? (1) Greece and Rome were often at war. (2) The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements. (3) Military leaders found small Greek settlements easy to control. (4) The Greek people had many different languages and religions. 2. One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of (1)the concept of zero (2)a republican form of government (3)the process of making silk (4)the printing press

Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty

Maurya Empire Gupta Empire

Sample Questions 3. In a comparison of the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta, Sparta placed more emphasis on (1)education (2)family order (3) military service (4)human rights 4. Which society practiced direct democracy? (1)ancient Athens (2)Gupta Empire (3)dynastic China (4)early Egypt

Sample Questions 5. In Western Europe, the Middle Ages began after the collapse of which empire? (1)Mughal (2)Ottoman (3)Roman (4)Byzantine 6. What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests? (1)expansion of Hellenistic culture (2)decreased importance of the Silk Roads (3)formation of the Christian church (4)increased support of the Mayan leaders

Feudalism Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services Land for protection Land for protection

Manorial System An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around farming on large estates called manors An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around farming on large estates called manors Manors were self- sufficient Manors were self- sufficient – Produced everything they need on the manor