Hypothalamus and pituitary Fig.7-11

Posterior pituitary Fig.7-12 HYPOTHALAMUS Vein POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Anterior pituitary Fig.7-12 Endocrine cells Neurons Portal vessels HYPOTHALAMUS Veins Artery ANTERIOR PITUITARY POSTERIOR PITUITARY Capillary bed TO TARGET ORGANS

Adrenal gland Fig Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Goiter

Bone growth Fig Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate Diaphysis Compact bone Osteoblast Chondrocyte Cartilage Bone growth Newly calcified bone Direction of growth Osteoblasts Old chondrocytes Chondrocytes Dividing chondrocytes

Acromegaly Fig

Functions of muscle Fig Flexion Extension Biceps muscle contracts (flexor) Triceps muscle relaxes Triceps muscle contracts (extensor) Biceps muscle relaxes

Functions of muscle Fig Peristalsis Vasoconstriction Hydrostatic Pressure

Types of muscle Fig Nucleus Muscle fiber (cell) Striations Skeletal muscle

Types of muscle Fig Muscle fiber Nucleus Striations Cardiac muscle Intercalated disk

Types of muscle Fig Muscle fiber Nucleus Smooth muscle

Muscle structure Fig Skeletal muscle Muscle fascicle: bundle of fibers Muscle fiber Connective tissue Tendon Nerve and blood vessels Nucleus

Muscle structure Fig T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcolemma Mitochondria Myofibril Thick filament Thin filament Nucleus ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MUSCLE

Muscle structure Myofibril Z disk Sarcomere Thin filaments Tropomyosin Troponin Actin chain G-actin molecule Myosin tail Myosin heads Myosin molecule Thick filaments Hinge region Titin M line Myosin crossbridges M line Fig. 12-3

Cross-bridge cycle Fig ADP Actin moves Cytosolic Ca 2+ Tropomyosin shifts, exposing binding site on actin TN Power stroke Initiation of contraction Troponin G-Actin Tropomyosin blocks binding site on actin Myosin head TN Relaxed state. Myosin head cocked. Pi

Sarcomere contraction Fig. 12-8