Unit IV: Nutrition The foods we eat and how we process it. What do humans need from the environment?

A. Nutrition 1. The life activity involved in obtaining _____________. a. __________ = taking in of nutrients b. __________ = breaking down of nutrients c. __________ = elimination of unused foods

2. Nutrients - environmental _________ necessary for life - used for ________ - used to create _____ and body parts a. Macronutrients Macronutrients are nutrients that the body needs in _________ quantities 1. ________________ - Examples: ________________ candy, cookies, pasta, bread, potatoes, oats - Source of __________ for the body - Specific Carbs: Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Glycogen, Cellulose

2. _______________ Examples: Meat, fish, eggs, beans Building blocks for components of the __________________ Muscle, hair, nails, skin, enzymes Proteins are made of ______________ Essential Amino Acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Valine.

3. Lipids Examples: _______, Oils, and Waxes Used for: Insulation Protection Cell membranes, _____________

Two Types of Fats: 1. Saturated Fats filled with hydrogen atoms, solid at room temperature generally they are ________________ 2. Unsaturated Monounsaturated Polyunstaturated _______________

b. Micronutrients Vitamins ◦A – _____________________________________ ◦B – ______________________________ ◦C – ________________________ ◦D – _______________ ◦E – ___________________________________ ◦K – ____________

Minerals ◦Calcium – ___________________ ◦Folic Acid – ________________ ◦Iron – _________________ ◦Magnesium – ________________ ◦Phosphorus – _____________ ◦Potassium – ____________________________ ◦Zinc – ________________

3. Heterotrophic Nutrition a. Organisms need to obtain preformed organic molecule ______________________ eat the products from another organism b. Types of Heterotrophs Herbivore – ___________ Carnivore – ___________ Omnivore – ____________________ Detritivore – ____________________

B. Human Nutrition 1. Nutritional Requirements Depends upon: _____________ Eat a variety of foods Calories = amount of energy in food Pay attention to what you eat

Nutritional Needs Nutrient Calories2000 Carbohydrates300 g Fiber25 g Proteins50 g Fats (no more than 30%) 65 g Saturated Fat20 g Cholesterol300 mg Sodium2400 mg Potassium3500 mg Calcium1000 mg Iron18 mg Iodine150 micrograms Phosphorus1000 mg Magnesium400 mg Zinc15 mg Selenium70 micrograms Copper2 mg Manganese2 mg Chromium120 micrograms Molybdenum75 micrograms Chloride3400 mg Vitamin A5000 IU Vitamin B 62 mg Vitamin B 126 micrograms Vitamin C60 mg Vitamin D400 IU Vitamin E30 IU Vitamin K80 micrograms Thiamin1.5 mg Riboflavin1.7 mg Niacin20 mg Folic Acid400 micrograms Biotin300 micrograms Pantothenic Acid10 mg

2. Human Digestive System a. also known as: alimentary canal, Gastrointestinal tract (GI) b. ________________________ the inside of your digestive system is exposed to the outside environment c.________________ – happens outside of cells d. 3 Processes Ingestion Digestion Egestion

d. Organs of the Human Digestive System 1. ____________ __________ ____________________ Make into smaller pieces – this increases the surface area of the food _______ – salivary glands, moistens food so it can slide down ___________________ Change the molecules that make up the food Done by enzymes  Amylase = enzyme Starch  Glucose

2. Pharynx back of the ________, where the “wind pipe” and “food pipe” come together ___________ – small flap of muscle that directs food down the esophagus 3. _____________ muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach ____________ – muscular contractions that push food down the digestive system Peristalsis Video

4. ____________ Strong muscular storage sac ___________________ – Stomach muscles crush and churn food ___________________ _____________ = Pepsin (enzyme) + Hydrochloric Acid Digests proteins into amino acids

5. ____________ Makes digestive _________ for small intestine 6. _________ Makes ________ (waste) emulsifies fats Gall Bladder – “bag” under the liver that holds bile Food does not enter the pancreas nor the liver Liver and pancreas are called _____________________

7. __________________ Long convoluted tube ________________________________ Enzymes from pancreas - Amylase, Protease, Lipase Mechanically digests Lipids - uses bile from liver to emulsify fats ____________ of nutrients villi and microvilli – small projections of the small intestine wall ______________________ – absorbs more materials

8. _________________ also known as the Colon Shorter than the small intestine Many beneficial ___________ live in the large intestine Reabsorbs __________, some vitamins and minerals Undigested food = feces - Egested through anus defecation

3. Diseases / Disorders of the Human Digestive System Scurvy – Johnny Stomach Cancer - Johanna Ulcers - Alan Acid reflux - Elard Appendicitis Diarrhea & Constipation - Kesha Pellagra Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia - Jocelyn Kwashiorkor Dysentery Crohn Disease Colitis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diverticulitis - Megan E. coli – Food poisoning - Ashley