Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Student mobility in Europe Council of Europe Vienna, June 2012 Student mobility in Europe. Trends and challenges Bernd Wächter, Director, ACA

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Roadmap 1.Introduction and methodological considerations 2.Europe on the global student mobility map 3.Student flows between EU members states and “Eastern Partnership countries” (including Moldova) 4.Concluding assessment

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Introduction (1) No such thing as student mobility as such. We are faced with ‘mobilities’ and must differentiate By type: degree vs. credit (i.e. non-degree, temporary, exchange) By direction: inbound vs. outbound By ‘nature’: vertical vs. horizontal By level of study: ISCED 5B, 5A (Bachelor + Master), 6 By the method of measurement: yearly basis (census-type statistics) vs. ‘event’ of mobility in the course of study (surveys) By funding mechanism: mobility within programmes vs. free- mover (self-organised and funded) mobility

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Introduction (2) Coverage of this presentation – degree mobility Measured by nationality (imperfect proxy for mobility) - foreign students & study abroad students Data source: UOE data collection (UIS - UNESCO Institute of Statistics; OECD; EUROSTAT): -Strength: internationally comparable, same definitions -Weaknesses: high level of aggregation – ISCED 5A; less recent (2006/07) Analyses taken from ACA study Mapping mobility in European higher education (Bonn, 2011)

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe 2. The EU on the global mobility map (2006/07) Foreign students in the EU (+ 4 countries) (N = ) (3.8%) (58.0%) (38.2%) Foreign students with EU nationalities studying in the EU (in other countries than their country of origin) Foreign students with non-EU nationalities studying in the EU area Unknown nationalities

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Outbound: Europe-31 on the global mobility map (2006/07) (2) (N = )

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Inbound: Europe -31 on the global mobility map (2006/07) (3) The common feature of the Europe 31 area is: heterogenity. Overall, Europe attracts 51% of global student mobility. Close to 2/3 of all foreign students in the EU are concentrated in 3 countries only: the UK, Germany and France. Net importer countries: Western and Northern Europe - net exporter countries: Central and Eastern as well as Southern Europe).

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Examples of heterogenity Average share of foreign students in Europe-31 is 6.9%. Wide spread: UK, AT and CH near 20%. In PL, TR and SK, the share is under 1%. Similar differences in study abroad: more Cypriots study abroad than in their own country (138:100). But: only 1 in 100 UK student does.

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Student flows between EU members states and “Eastern Partnership countries” (1) Eastern Partnership Countries 2006/07 From the EU to...From... to the EU Armenia Azerbaijan11806 Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukrainen.a TOTAL

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Student flows between EU members states and Eastern Partnership countries (2006/07) (2) Country of origin Total number of study abroad students % of study abroad students that go to the EU countries Armenia % Azerbaijan % Belarus % Georgia % Moldova % Ukraine % TOTAL %

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Student flows between the EU members states and Eastern Partnership countries (2006/07) (3) Country of origin Top 3 EU destinationsTop 2 non-EU destinations ArmeniaGermany, France, GreeceRussian Federation, US AzerbaijanGermany, France, UKTurkey, Russian Federation BelarusGermany, Poland, France Russian Federation, The Republic of Moldova GeorgiaGermany, France, GreeceRussian Federation, Armenia MoldovaRomania, France, GermanyRussian Federation, Ukraine UkraineGermany, Poland, HungaryRussian Federation, US

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Concluding assessment Across Europe 31: heterogenity Eastern partnership countries/Moldova: exodus of students (high outbound degree mobility) - also and in particular to EU and Europe as a whole. Push factors Eastern Partnership countries/Moldova: hardly any inbound degree mobility (severe in-out imbalance) Degree mobility: only part of mobility picture Credit mobility: very little information. Assumption: low outbound rates from Eastern Partnership countries. Credit mobility a sign of mature HE systems.

Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe Thanks Thank you for your attention!