Alja Novak, Milena Stopar, Jernej Vegelj, Nina Gramc, Grega Medved Krško,

THE NATURE OF INTERMODALISM Alja Novak

Conventionally, the competition between the modes has tended to produce a transport system that is segmented and un-integrated. Each mode has sought to exploit its own advantages in terms of cost, service, reliability and safety. Carriers tried to retain business by maximizing the line-haul under their control. All the modes viewed their competitors with suspicion and mistrust.

Thus, transportation systems having several modes can be considered from : n Intermodal Transportation Network. –A logistically linked system using two or more transport modes with a single rate. n Multimodal Transportation Network. –A set of transport modes offering connections between origins and destinations. Although intermodal transportation is possible, it does not necessarily occur.

The emergence of intermodalism has been brought about in part by technology and requires management units for freight such as containers, swap bodies, pallets or semi- trailers. In the past, were a common management unit, but their relatively small size and lack of protective frame made their intermodal handling labor intensive and prone to damage or theft.

Today, intermodal transport is transforming a growing share of the medium and long-haul freight flows across the globe. Large integrated transport carriers provide door to door services. Intermodality can be conceived as the transition from one mode of transportation to another, and is organized around the followings concepts: –The nature and quantity of the transported commodities; –The modes of transportation being used; –The origins and destinations; –Transportation time and costs; –The value of the commodities and the frequency of shipment.

CONTEINERIZATION AND INTERMODALISM Milena Stopar

n developement of container in 1960´s in maritime space n mechanized handling of cargo of different types and dimensions n usable in maritime, railway and roads modes of transport n made of steel or aluminum n 21 million containers made in 2005 Containers in intermodal transport

n standard transport product n flexibility of usage n management n costs n speed n warehousing n security Advantages of containers

n consumption of space n infrastructure costs n stacking n management logistics n empty travel n illegal trade Disadvatages of containers

INTERMODALISM AND OTHER MODES Jernej Vegelj

In 1980’s, containerization, started to spread inland. Door-to-door rates by integrating rail services and local truck pick up and delivery in a seamless network. In this way they could serve customers across the country by offering door-to-door service from suppliers located around the world. DOOR TO DOOR

Other parts of the world have not developed the same degree of synergies between rail and shipping as in North America. In Europe rail intermodal services are well established between the major ports. RAIL & SHIPPING IN EUROPE

Interconnections between barge services and ocean shipping. Barge shipping offers a low cosst solution to inland distribution where navigable waterways penetrate to interior markets. This solution is being tested in North America where the ports in New York and New Jersey are sponsoring barge services to Albany and several other destinations. BARGE SERVICES & OCEAN SHIPPING

High labor costs and the slowness of loading planes made the industry very receptive to the concept of loading unit of standard dimension. So a box specific to the needs of the airlines was required. They made light weight aluminium boxes which can be easily loaded into the holds of the planes. AIRLINE INDUSTRY

A unique form of intermodal unit has been developed in the rail industry, particularly in the US. They invented roadrailer, this is a road trailer that can also roll on rail tracks. Here the rail bogies may be part of trailer unit, or be attached in the railway yard. The road unit becomes a rail car or vice-versa. It is used extensively by a major US rail company, Norfolk Southern, whose service provides just-in-time deliveries. RAIL INDUSTRY

INTERMODALISM AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Nina Gramc

n The integrated transport chain is itself being integrated into the production and distribution processes. n It has to be built into the entire supply chain system.

n 3PL - Third party logistics providers: –Is a firm that provides outsourced or “third party” logistics services to companies for part or sometimes all of their supply chain management function n 4PL - Fourth party logistics: –Is a firm that provides outsourced of “third party” logistics services to companies tor part of their supply chain management function

n Door to door services n Paradox, that for customer geographic space becomes meaningless n The effectiveness of intermodal transport system is thus masking the importance of transportation to its users

INTERMODAL TRANSPORT COSTS Grega Medved

n Costs, distance and modal choice n Geographical settings n Combine modals n Less costly – unimodal n Capacity to route reight-capacity to transship it

n intermodal cost= several transpotration costs n tehnical improvements-containerization n The concept of economies of scales n Also in diseconomies n Maritime-larger ships n Inland and transshipment-quantities n ½ and 2/3 of total TEU cost-land transport

n Intermodal transport-the best solution n Switzerland-law n EU trying to promote…