11 Planning for Instruction

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Planning for Instruction Teachers cannot simply decide what they would like to teach Society, parents, employers, and teachers all have a stake in making the educational system work well

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion Who has an influence on what is taught in your state? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Analyze the types of information included in the educational standards for a state. © Symbiot/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Standards: What Should Students Know? Educational standards (instructional goals) are statements of what students are expected to know and be able to doEducational standards Standards may be national, state, or developed by local districts Standards are linked to the move for accountability in education

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion What are the pros and cons of designing curriculum around educational standards? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Compare curricula for the same course or level from two different sources. © Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Curriculum: What Will Be Taught? Curriculum is much more specific than standards about the content expected to be taught Decisions about what to include in a curriculum may be heavily debated May be developed by states, local school districts, and individual schools continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Curriculum: What Will Be Taught? Development process usually involves a team of administrators, teachers, and others The curriculum organizes the content in a logical way It sets a plan for the main concepts and skills taught at each grade

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain the relationship between instructional units and course plans. © Franck Boston/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Course Planning: How Will Learning Be Organized? A course plan is based on curriculum, but adapted for the teacher, students, and teaching circumstancescourse plan Typically includes a series of instructional units Must incorporate content and skills required to meet standards A road map for day-to-day teaching continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Course Planning: How Will Learning Be Organized? Influences and variables include –class and school schedules—how often does the class meet? for how long? –characteristics of the students—make reasonable assumptions based on what you know about child development –instructional units—sequence of topics in a logical order, often in outline forminstructional units continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Course Planning: How Will Learning Be Organized? Influences and variables include –opportunities for learning—special opportunities, such as an election, might mean adjusting topics in the schedule –teacher characteristics—the course plan will reflect the teacher’s individual strengths, interests, and teaching style continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Course Planning: How Will Learning Be Organized? A course plan helps the teacher make sure everything that must be taught is included in the schedule As the course progresses, the teacher will have to make adjustments

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify and describe the key parts of a lesson plan. © Coka/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Lesson Plans: How Will Learning Take Place? Lesson plans are also called instructional plans or teaching plansLesson plans Help teachers prepare for class by –documenting what is being taught –helping teachers think through what they will teach –better preparing teachers to teach the class –allowing substitutes to step in

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Elements of a Lesson Plan May be a standard format determined by the school Three basic parts include –instructional objectives –learning activities –assessment

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection © Archipoch/Shutterstock What do you think will be the most difficult part of preparing lesson plans? Why?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Write an educational objective that includes all necessary components. © armo.rs/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Instructional Objectives Lessons are developed to meet the instructional objectives, which instructional objectives –provide a focus for teaching –break down educational standards into smaller segments –are also called performance objectives continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Instructional Objectives Well-written objectives –specify observable behavior—verb identifies how students will be learning –identify an action or product—concrete evidence that students are learning continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Instructional Objectives Well-written objectives –describe any conditions—the circumstances under which the students will be learning –indicate acceptable level of performance— specifics on what determines success

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Activities Learning activities are the experiences used to help students learn the contentLearning activities © Jamie Wilson/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Activities Discussions Labs Hands-on activities Debates Problem solving Field trips Computer exercises Simulations Experiments

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Assessment Strategies Link directly to instructional objectives Means for evaluating that learning has taken place © Alexander Raths/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion Which type of learning activities do you plan to use most often in your classroom? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Other Lesson Plan Elements Title—use one that is clear, descriptive Topic—concept or skill being taught Standards—those the plan achieves Students/participants—grade level and subject area Time period—how long the lesson plan will take to complete continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Other Lesson Plan Elements Introduction –Captures students’ interest and attention –conveys teacher’s expectations –Links what students will be learning to what they already know Step-by-step procedures—thinking through specific steps that will help the lesson go smoothly (including transitions)transitions continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Other Lesson Plan Elements Guided practice/independent practice— designed to reinforce and apply learning, either with feedback or as a personal practice activityGuided practiceindependent practice Summary—reviews what was learned and helps students apply it continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Other Lesson Plan Elements Materials and equipment—everything needed to teach the lesson Adaptations for students with special needs—ways to modify activities Notes—additional information, reminders, and ideas for improvement

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection Why do you think it is important to keep notes of ways to improve lesson plans? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Create a lesson plan on a chosen topic. © Matt Antonino/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Finding Ideas and Inspiration Experience will inspire teaching opportunities Talk with other teachers Read teaching magazines or websites Collaborate in a team to write teaching plans Keep notes and accumulate materials

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Making Plans Come Alive Introduction –Capture students’ interest and attention –Engage them in learning –Let students know what you expect them to learn and how you want them to work –Link the learning to prior knowledge or experiences continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Making Plans Come Alive Activities –use variety –incorporate an unexpected element –include opportunities for different learning styles, abilities, and interests –allow time for feedback, review, and reinforcement Practice and be prepared to adapt

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion How might you introduce a topic to capture your students’ attention? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Evaluating the Lesson Make notes about what worked Think about modifications to improve the lesson plan © Darrin Henry/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points Standards are developed at national, state, and local levels Curriculums provide suggested or required classroom guidelines Teachers use the curriculum to create a course plan Lesson plans are specific day-to-day plans for teaching

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are educational standards?  statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at certain points in their education What are the three most basic parts of a lesson plan?  instructional objectives, learning activities, assessment continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What characteristics do well-written objectives include?  specify observable behavior; identify an action or product; describe any conditions; indicate acceptable level of performance ____ are smooth ways to move from one part of the lesson to the next.  Transitions

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS course plan. A detailed outline of what a particular teacher will teach throughout a course or year based on curriculum but adapted to the characteristics of the teacher, students, and teaching circumstances. It typically includes a series of instructional units.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS educational standards. Statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at certain points in their education. They are set by national organizations, states, and many school districts. Sometimes called instructional goals.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS guided practice. An activity designed to reinforce and apply learning that includes feedback from other students or the teacher. independent practice. An activity designed to apply and reinforce recent learning that students complete on their own.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS instructional objectives. Clear statements of what students will achieve as a result of a lesson that will be shown in an observable way.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS instructional units. Related topics that are grouped and taught together over a period of time. A course plan is typically divided into instructional units. learning activities. The learning experiences used to help students learn the content and reach the instructional objectives.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS lesson plans. Detailed outlines for teaching a specific topic or skill, including what will be taught, how it will be taught, why it is being taught, and how learning will be evaluated. Sometimes called instructional plans or teaching plans. transitions. Smooth ways to move from one part of a lesson to the next.