Chapter 11 Physical Geography of Europe Unit IV

Satellite View of Europe

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Seas, Peninsulas, and Island Most of Europe= 300 miles from a seacoast. – Shapes lifestyles of Europeans Examples: A. 25 % of Netherlands lies below sea level B. Dutch have constructed dikes to hold back water. Scandinavian Peninsula- Northern Europe mountainous area. Ice Age glaciers melted here, leaving thousands of lakes. Fjords- areas carved by glaciers: Jutland, main peninsula of Denmark. detail.asp?name=netherlands detail.asp?name=netherlands

Norwegian Fjords Glaciers cut deep valleys in the ocean during the Ice Age. e Glaciers cut deep valleys in the ocean during the Ice Age.

10,000 BCE – Ice Age

Amsterdam’s Canals

Holland’s Dikes

Northern Peninsulas Jutland Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula

Jutland Heavy Horse; Jutland is main peninsula of Denmark.

Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula- contains Spain and Portugal, separates Mediterranean Sea from Atlantic Ocean. – Contains Pyrenees Mountains a. Apennine Peninusula- long, thin, boot-shaped piece of land which contains Italy. -Contains Apennines Mountains, which includes the active volcano, Mount Vesuvius. b. Balkan Peninsula- Southeastern Europe, tangle of mountain ranges and valleys.

Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Italian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula Anatolean Peninsula Crimean Peninsula

n Torla in Ordesa Huesca Province Pyrenees Mountains.jpg

B o d i e s of W a t e r B o d i e s of W a t e r Mediterranean Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Baltic Sea Black Sea Aegean Sea Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Bay of Biscay Strait of Gibraltar Dardanelles Strait Arctic Ocean English Channel Caspian Sea

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy e 1944 eruption e Pompeii, 79 CE e Herculaneum, 79 CE

Mt. Etna, Sicily e An active volcano

Europe’s Islands Iceland- South of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean. – Features volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers! British Isles- Ireland and Britain- cool, hilly, and rainy Mediterranean A.Sicily B.Corsica C.Sardinia D.Cyprus E.Crete Aegean Sea- nearly 2,000 islands with sunny climate. Popular tourist destination…

The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum e 2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide e “Crossroads of 3 Continents” Caesarea on the Israeli coast Strait of Gibraltar & the “Pillars of Hercules”

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and-features/recent- features/ /steve- souters-iceland-report/

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Milos is one of the most beautiful Cycladic islands in central Aegean sea.

Mountains and Plains Mont Blanc- highest peak in the Alps- 15,771 Feet high Carpathians- long mountain chain that runs through Eastern Europe. North European Plain- stretches from southeastern England and western France to Russia. (home to some of Europe’s largest cities) Great Hungarian Plain- fertile region that extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, and Romania.

ElevationElevation Alps Carpathians Caucasus Urals Pyrennes Apennines

Water Systems Europe has a network of canals that aid transportation and irrigation. Thames River- large river that allows ships easy access to London. The Rhine River- Western Europe’s major river, runs through France and Germany into the Netherlands. The Danube River- Eastern Europe’s major river, flows from Germany’s Black Forest to the Black Sea. Main-Danube Canal- links North Sea and Black Sea. Completed in 1992.

The Danube River 1770 miles

The Danube River  Flows through the 12 countries of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. Where Buda & Pest Meet Biking Along the Danube

Germany’s Black Forest

Capitals on the Rivers (1) Paris, right bank of the Seine London on the Thames Prague on the Vltava Budapest on the Danube

Capitals on the Rivers (2) Berlin on the Spree Moscow on the Moscow River Rome on the Tiber Vienna on the Danube

Natural Resources At one time, an abundant supply of coal and oil supported the development of modern industry. – Today, European coalfields are depleted. Fuel Sources: A.Peat- dense, mossy substance dug up in swamps and dried for fuel. B.Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and hydroelectric power.

Oil Export Routes in the Caucasus Area

Climate and Vegetation European climates vary according to distance from the sea. 1. Western Europe- forests include deciduous and evergreen trees. Conifers thrive in cooler sections of the region. a.Alps- highlands climate with colder temperatures and more precipitation; dry winds trigger avalanches. b.Deforestation- by 1922, Ireland had cut down 99 percent of its original forest. Government and private sponsored reforestation efforts have increased woodland areas as of late.

ClimateClimate

Climate and Vegetation 2. Southern Europe- Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. a. Alps block Atlantic winds=less precipitation falls in southern Europe. b. Mistral- an Alpine wind; occasionally blows bitter cold air into Southern France. c. Siroccos- high, dry winds from North Africa—bring hot weather to Europe.

Climate and Vegetation 3. Eastern and Northern Europe- humid continental climate—cold, snowy winters and hot summers. a. Grasslands cover much of eastern Europe, especially Hungary and Romania. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests are found here. b. Northern parts of Scandinavia feature subarctic and tundra climates. Bitter cold winters, short and cool summers, permanently frozen soil beneath the surface.