CHAPTER 12: Periodic Table 1

Early 1860’s Scientists knew some of the properties of more than 60 elements that existed. BUT…..they were not in any order. 2

Demitri Mendeleev 1869 Mendeleev was the first scientist to write the names and properties of each element on the an index card. He used properties such as; density, appearance, and melting point. He then arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Mendeleev discovered a repeating pattern that took place among the elements going from left to right across and up and down. 3

Demitri Mendeleev 1869 Periodic – means happening at regular intervals, “repeating”. Example – the days of the week. He left spaces or question marks for unknown or undiscovered elements. Mendeleev’s arrangement of elements became known as the periodic table of elements. 4

Henry Moseley 1914 Moseley – a British scientist, determined the atomic number (# of protons) in an atom. Periodic Table is also arranged by increasing atomic number or by increasing number of protons. Periodic Law – the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the element’s atomic numbers. 5

Periodic Table A periodic table is an arrangement of elements in columns, based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row. (page ) 6

Periods are the rows in the periodic table (horizontal). Elements change from metals to nonmetals as you move from left to right across the period. Groups/Families are the columns on the periodic table. (vertical) Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way. (Periodic Law) 7 Period  Group -- 

Classes of elements Elements are classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals based on their properties. 1.Metals – Start at the far left hand side and stop at the zigzag line. - Most elements are metals. - Most are solids at room temperature. - The exception: Mercury (Hg) - Metals tend to be shiny, luster. - Malleable – hammered into thin sheets. - Good conductors of electricity/heat. - Ductile – made into thin wires. 8

Classes of elements 2.Nonmetals – Start at the far right hand side and stop at the zigzag line. - More than half are gases at room temperature. - Nonmetals tend to be dull, lack luster. - Brittle –will shatter if struck with a hard object. - Poor conductors of electricity/heat - insulator - Non-ductile – cannot be drawn into wires. 9

Classes of elements 3.Metalloids – elements that border the zigzag line. - Tend to have properties that are in between metals and nonmetals. - Called semiconductors 10 Tellurium is shiny, but it is brittle and can easily be smashed into a powder. Boron is very brittle. At high temperatures it is a good conductor of electricity/heat.

Valence Electrons A Valence Electron is an electron that is in the highest occupied energy level of an atom. Elements in a group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. GroupValence Electrons 1A1 2A2 3A3 4A4 5A5 6A6 7A7 11

Alkali Metals family Group 1 Most reactive metals Reactivity increases from the top to the bottom. Francium is the most reactive metal! So reactive many are kept under oil to prevent reacting with water or oxygen. Found in nature only in a compound. One Valence Electron Give away one valence electron and form +1 ion in order to become stable. ElementSymbol Hyperlink LithiumLi SodiumNa PotassiumK RubidiumRb CesiumCs FranciumFr 12

Alkaline Earth Metals Family ElementSymbol Hyperlink BerylliumBe MagnesiumMg CalciumCa StrontiumSr BariumBa RadiumRa Group 2 2 Valence Electrons Give away 2 valence electrons and form +2 Ions in order to become stable. Less reactive than group 1. Magnesium used in photosynthesis. Calcium used in teeth and bone. 13

Transition Metals Groups 3 – 12 1 or 2 valence electrons Less reactive than alkaline earth metals Shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity. Their properties vary widely. 14 Many are solids at room temp, except Mercury. Many are silver in color except Gold. Titanium not very reactive. Iron is very reactive and can react with oxygen in the air to form rust.

Transition Metals Lanthanides and Actinides Transition metals from periods 6 and 7. Lanthanides are shiny reactive metals. - Some of these elements are used to make steel. Actinides are radioactive, or unstable. - Elements listed after Plutonium, element 94 do not occur naturally in nature. 15

Boron Family Group 13 3 Valence electrons Give away 3 valence electrons and form +3 ions in order to become stable. 1 metalloid (Boron) Five metals Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. ElementSymbol Hyperlink BoronB AluminumAl GalliumGa IndiumIn ThalliumTl UnuntriumUut 16

Carbon Family Group 14 4 Valence Electrons Can give away 4 or take 4 valence electrons and form +/- 4 Ions in order to become stable. 1 Nonmetal 2 Metalloids 3 Metals With the exception of water, most of the compounds in your body contain carbon. ElementSymbol Hyperlink CarbonC SiliconSi GermaniumGe TinSn LeadPb Ununquadiu m Uuq 17

Nitrogen Family ElementSymbol Hyperlink NitrogenN PhosphorusP ArsenicAs AntimonySb BismuthBi UnunpentiumUup Group 15 5 Valence Electrons Take 3 valence electrons and form -3 Ions in order to become stable. 2 nonmetals 2 metalloids 2 Metals Nitrogen and Phosphorus are used in fertilizers. 18

Oxygen Family ElementSymbol Hyperlink OxygenO SulfurS SeleniumSe TelluriumTe PoloniumPo UnunhexiumUuh Group 16 6 Valence Electrons Take 2 valence electrons and forms -2 Ions in order to become stable. 3 nonmetals 1 metalloid 2 metal Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth’s Crust. 19

Halogen Family ElementSymbol Hyperlink FluorineF ChlorineCl BromineBr IodineI AstatineAt UnunspetiumUus Group 17 7 Valence electrons Take 1 valence electron and form -1 Ions in order to become stable. Most reactive nonmetals Reactivity increases from bottom to top. Fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal. 20

Noble Gas Family Group 18 8 Valence Electrons Un-reactive (Do not form Ions) because they are stable. The Noble Gases are odorless and colorless. Used in light bulbs (Argon). Make balloons float (Helium). Used to make neon lights. ElementSymbol Hyperlink HeliumHe NeonNe ArgonAr KryptonKr XenonXe RadonRn UnunoctiumUuo 21