Chapter 2 Matter and Change 2.1 Properties of Matter 2.2 Mixtures 2.3 Elements and Compounds 2.4 Chemical Reactions Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Why are windows made of glass? CHEMISTRY & YOU Why are windows made of glass? In this lesson, you will learn how properties can be used to classify and identify matter. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Describing Matter Describing Matter Why do all samples of a substance have the same properties? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Describing Matter What you observe when you look at a particular sample of matter is its properties. Is a solid shiny or dull? Does a liquid flow quickly or slowly? Is a gas odorless, or does it have a smell? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. (even air!) DEMO Describing Matter What is Matter? Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. (even air!) DEMO How can matter be described? Matter can be described by properties. What are Properties? Distinguishing qualities or attributes of a sample of matter Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Describing Matter A Property Example The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object contains. The mass of a basketball is greater than the mass of a golf ball. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Another Property Example Describing Matter Another Property Example The volume of an object is a measure of the space occupied by the object. The volume of a basketball is greater than the volume of a golf ball. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

What about what the substance’s “insides”? Describing Matter What about what the substance’s “insides”? For example, leather balls are suitable for indoor play but not outdoor play. Leather balls absorb water and dirt more than rubber balls do. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

More examples of properties Describing Matter More examples of properties Absorbency Conductivity Malleability Color Odor State of Matter Reactivity Flammability Toxicity Oxidizing Radioactivity Combustibility Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Two different types of properties Describing Matter Two different types of properties A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition. A chemical property is a quality or condition that gives matter the ability to undergo a change that alters its composition Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

More examples of properties Describing Matter More examples of properties Physical properties Chemical properties Absorbency Conductivity Malleability Color Odor State of Matter Reactivity Flammability Toxicity Oxidizing Radioactivity Combustibility Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Identifying a Substance Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Every sample of a given substance has identical properties because every sample has the same composition. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

CHEMISTRY & YOU Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires. What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

CHEMISTRY & YOU Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires. What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows? Glass is transparent, so it can be seen through; hard, so it stays in place within window frames; and heat resistant, so it helps prevent the transfer of heat between outside and inside. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

List at least 5 different properties and label as Physical or Chemical You want to compile a list of properties of any substance, what could you observe or measure? List at least 5 different properties and label as Physical or Chemical Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. What are three states of matter? Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Kinetic Art- Pearson Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container. What state or states could it be in? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container. What state or states could it be in? The substance could be either a liquid or a gas, as each takes the shape of its container. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Identifying a Substance Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Physical properties can help chemists identify substances. For example, a colorless substance that was found to boil at 100˚C and melt at 0˚C would likely be water. A colorless substance that boiled at 78˚C and melted at –117˚C would definitely not be water. It would likely be ethanol. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Physical Properties of Some Substances Interpret Data This table lists physical properties for some substances. Physical Properties of Some Substances Substance State Color Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C) Neon Gas Colorless –249 –246 Oxygen –218 –183 Chlorine Greenish-yellow –101 –34 Ethanol Liquid –117 78 Mercury Silvery-white –39 357 Bromine Reddish-brown –7 59 Water 100 Sulfur Solid Yellow 115 445 Sodium chloride White 801 1413 Gold 1064 2856 Copper Reddish-yellow 1084 2562 The states of the substances are given at room temperature. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

What happened to the match? CHEMISTRY & YOU What happened to the match? In this lesson, you will learn to recognize whether the burning match is a chemical change or physical change. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

What do you think is the difference? Changes When a change occurs to a substance, it can be either a Physical Change or a Chemical Change. What do you think is the difference? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Physical Changes The melting point of gallium metal is 30˚C. The figure at left shows how the heat from a person’s hand can melt a sample of gallium. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Physical Changes The shape of the sample changes during melting as the liquid begins to flow, but the composition of the sample does not change. Melting is a physical change. During a physical change, some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

So are words such as break, split, grind, cut, and crush. Physical Changes Words such as boil, freeze, melt, and condense are used to describe physical changes. So are words such as break, split, grind, cut, and crush. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Chemical Changes Words such as burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, and corrode usually signify a chemical change. The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

What always happens during a chemical change? Chemical Changes Chemical Changes What always happens during a chemical change? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Iron is able to combine with oxygen to form rust. Chemical Changes Iron is able to combine with oxygen to form rust. The ability to rust is a chemical property of iron. Chemical properties can be used to identify a substance. Chemical properties can be observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes. Chemical Changes During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Examples of Changes Physical Change Chemical Change Comparing Changes Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Matter that has a uniform and definite composition, with only one set of properties, is called a pure substance. Aluminum and copper are examples of pure substances. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Pure substances can either be an Element or a Compound. Aluminum, Al, and Copper, Cu, are examples of elements. Water, H2O, and Salt, NaCl, are examples of compounds. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Elements can be classified as Metals, Metalloids, or Nonmetals. Copper is an example of a metal. Aluminum is an example of a metalloid Sulfur is an example of a nonmetal Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Compounds can be classified as Organic or Inorganic. Sugar, C12H22O11, is an example of an organic compound. Water, H2O, and Salt, NaCl, are examples of inorganic compounds. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Inorganic compounds can be classified as Acid, Base, or Salt H3PO4 is an example of an acid compound. NaOH is an example of a base compound. CuSO4 is an example of salt compound. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classification of Matter PURE ELEMENT COMPOUND NONMETAL METALLOID METAL ORGANIC INORGANIC SALT BASE ACID Classification of Matter Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Describing Matter Classifying a Substance… (grouping it) Matter that contains a physical blend of two or more components, each containing their original properties, is called a mixture Trail mix is an example of a mixture. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

How can mixtures be classified? Classifying Mixtures Describing Matter How can mixtures be classified? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Heterogeneous Mixtures Describing Matter Heterogeneous Mixtures In chicken noodle soup, the ingredients in the soup are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture. There is likely to be different amounts of chicken and noodles in each spoonful. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Heterogeneous Mixtures Describing Matter Heterogeneous Mixtures A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout is a heterogeneous mixture. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Describing Matter Homogeneous Mixtures The substances in the olive oil are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. So, olive oil doesn’t look like a mixture. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Olive oil and vinegar are both homogeneous mixtures. Describing Matter Homogeneous Mixtures Olive oil and vinegar are both homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout. Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures. Which is a homogeneous mixture (or solution)? Which is a heterogeneous mixture? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures. Which is a homogeneous mixture (or solution)? Which is a heterogeneous mixture? Salt water is a homogeneous mixture, or solution. Sand is a heterogeneous mixture. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Describing Matter Based on the distribution of their components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or homogeneous mixtures. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Classification of Matter MIXTURE PURE ELEMENT COMPOUND HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS NONMETAL METALLOID METAL ORGANIC INORGANIC SALT BASE ACID Classification of Matter Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

How can mixtures be separated? Separating Mixtures Separating Mixtures How can mixtures be separated? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures. Separating Mixtures Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Separating Mixtures Filtration The coffee filter at right can separate ground coffee beans from brewed coffee. The liquid brewed coffee passes through the paper filter, but the solid coffee grounds cannot pass through the filter. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Filter paper used in a laboratory is similar to coffee filters. Separating Mixtures Filtration Filter paper used in a laboratory is similar to coffee filters. Filter paper is often placed in a funnel. Then the mixture is poured into the funnel. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter remain in the funnel. The rest of the particles pass through. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Separating Mixtures Distillation Tap water is a homogeneous mixture of water and substances that are dissolved in the water. One way to separate water from the other components in tap water is through a process called distillation. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Separating Mixtures Distillation During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Distillation Separating Mixtures The figure below shows an apparatus used to perform a small-scale distillation. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture Sample Problem 2.1 Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture How could a mixture of aluminum nails and iron nails be separated? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Analyze Identify the relevant concepts. Sample Problem 2.1 Analyze Identify the relevant concepts. 1 In order to identify how to separate aluminum and iron nails, the properties of both aluminum and iron must be known. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Solve Apply concepts to this situation. Sample Problem 2.1 Solve Apply concepts to this situation. 2 List the properties of each substance in the mixture. Aluminum metal gray color doesn’t dissolve in water not attracted to magnet Iron metal gray color doesn’t dissolve in water attracted to magnet Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Solve Apply concepts to this situation. Sample Problem 2.1 Solve Apply concepts to this situation. 2 Identify a property that can be used to separate different substances from each other. The ability to be attracted by a magnet is a property that iron and aluminum do not share. You could use a magnet to remove the iron nails from a mixture of iron and aluminum. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Chemistry as the Central Science BIG IDEA Chemistry as the Central Science Physical properties, such as melting point and boiling point, are used to describe all matter. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .