The Rise of Europe and the Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages Importance New Civilizations Latin Christendom The Concept of a common European civilization evolved during this time which integrated Christian, Greco- Roman, and Germanic traditions Christianity was at the center of all institutions, with Rome as the spiritual capital. Latin became the dominant language among the intellectual elite. Latin Christendom Byzantium Islam

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was formally divided into two empires: East and West. With the invasion of Germanic forces from the north, the Western Roman Empire was conquered and further divided. This left the eastern part of the Roman empire to carry on the Greco- Roman tradition.

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was both Christian and Greek. Greek became the empire’s official language, but the empire was built on the Eastern Orthodox Church. A great deal of artistic talent went into church building, church ceremonies, and church decoration to honor this Christian faith.

Reign of Justinian (527-565) Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527. He wanted to restore the full Roman Empire.

The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

Justinian and Theodora Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire Empire reached its greatest size Created Justinian’s Code – which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.

Byzantine Empire The emperor’s power was absolute chosen by God and crowned in sacred ceremonies. Byzantines believed that God had commanded their state to preserve the true Christian faith.

Justinian He exercised political control over the Eastern Orthodox Church by appointing the head of the Church, the patriarch. Justinian’s most important contribution was his codification of Roman law in The Body of Civil Law. It was the basis of imperial law until the Eastern Roman Empire

Justinian’s Code of Laws Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died. Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners. Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters. Punishments were detailed and fit the crime His work inspired the modern concept and, indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

Life in Constantinople Justinian rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had destroyed much of the city. the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages

Constantinople Population estimated in the hundreds of thousands. Up to the twelfth century Constantinople was Europe’s chief center for trading goods

The New Rome-Constantinople The Byzantine Empire was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.

Constantinople Justinian built an immense palace, hundreds of churches, A Hippodrome (horse racing track) extensive public works, including immense underground reservoirs for the city’s water supply.

Hagia Sophia His greatest building was the Hagia Sophia— Church of the Holy Wisdom—completed in 537. An enormous dome crowns four large piers. The dome seems to float in space. Forty-two windows ring the base, which creates an incredible play of light in the church. The light symbolizes the presence of God in the world.

Hagia Sophia Before the attack of the Ottomans in 1453

Hagia Sophia Today

Inside Hagia Sophia http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia

Trouble The Byzantine Empire was troubled by a growing split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Church would not accept the pope as the head of the Christian faith. In 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other. This created a schism, or separation, between these two branches of Christianity. The schism has not completely healed even today.

Byzantine Empire ended in 1453. It also became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe. By the beginning of the eighth century, the much-reduced Eastern Roman Empire consisted only of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor. Historians call this smaller Eastern Roman empire the Byzantine Empire. It was its own distinctive civilization and lasted until 1453.

The End of the Byzantine Empire The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople. The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

Islam 570 AD-Muhammad was born into a trader’s life. Later, he said that Gabriel asked him to be a profit from God. As Muhammad traveled across Arabia he gained more and more followers.

Islam The Qur’an,according to Muslims, is the word of God as told to Muhammad Jihadis the defense of the faith, while being tolerant of others. Mosques are gathering places for prayer. Profession of the Faith. 5 Daily Prayers Paying Zakat (tax) Fasting during Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca

Spread of Islam Islam began to spread into Asia and N. Africa. Around 661 AD, Muslims split into Sunni and Shi’ah groups. Sunnis-Group decisions Shi’ah-Decisions by leader Similar divisions still exist today

Western Europe in Decline The Roman Empire Spread of classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity Collapse of Rome: Political, social, and economic decline 500-1000 A.D. Invaders Slowed trade Empty towns No new classical learning

The Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks Different culture: Farmers and herders No written laws Unwritten customs Kings were elected Warriors swore loyalty Little kingdoms

Germanic Kingdoms Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd century Visigoths occupied Spain & Italy until the Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th century By 500 Western Roman empire had became # of states ruled by German kings Germanic Angles & Saxons = Anglo-Saxons moved into Britain in 5th century Clovis-Christian convert, established Frankish kingdom -500

The Franks Extend their Power 486: Clovis and Gaul Frankish custom that preserved the Roman legacy Converted to Christianity Powerful allies are gained

Germanic Kingdoms Clovis converted to Christianity after calling for Jesus help during battle – the enemy fled after the plea Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic Church By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from Pyrenees to present day Germany After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom Germans & Romans intermarried = German customs had an important role Extended family was center of society

Germanic Kingdoms Extended families in German society worked together & defended each other during violent times Germanic law was personal, one injuring another led to a savage blood feuds Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/ wrongdoer paid the injured party’s family a set amount of money which varied by social status

Role of the Church Christianity became main religion of Roman empire by 4th century Roman church developed a system of organization Priests was head of parishes – local communities Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes or bishopric Archbishop – head of groups of diocese Bishop of Rome became known as Pope – the head of what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church

Archdiocese/Archbishop Pope Patriarch Archdiocese/Archbishop Bishop/Diocese Gregory I Priest/Parish

Roman Catholic Church Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes = Latin word for “papa” – father Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers Gregory I strengthened power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding territories

Role of Church Gregory – pope from 590-604, extended papal authority over the Western Church & actively converted non-Christians Monk = man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks & wrote rules for their practice Benedict’s rules divided the day into activities; emphasizing prayer & physical labor to keep monks busy

Role of Church Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day All aspects of Benedict life was communal Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of Christian civilization/ were social workers in communities Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

A Muslim Empire Threatens Europe The religion of Islam: 600s Muslim armies overran Christian lands France Charles Martel a.k.a. “The Hammer” Battle of Tours: 732 Abd-er Rahman & Charles Martel meet them at the Loire River

Regional States Germanic invaders toppled Rome’s authority in the late 5th Century A.D. but no clear successor to centralized authority emerged The Franks temporarily revived empire; the high point of which was the reign of Charlemagne from 768-814

Charlemagne Charles “the Hammer’s” grandson Pepin the Short’s son Impressive king Social attributes – loved by the people The Franks were legendary fighters that combine with the barbarian tribes

Charlemagne 600 & 700’s, Frankish kings lost their power to the chief officers of the king’s household = mayor’s of the palace Pepin assumed the kingship Pepin’s son became king after his death in 768 = son was Charles the Great – Charlemagne Charlemagne = one of history’s great kings/ curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior, devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly supported learning Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

New Emperor of the Romans 799: Pope Leo III asks for help Christmas Day 800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor Significance: Revival of a united Christian community (Christendom) & power struggles between future popes and Germanic emperors

The real story… Pope Leo’s true desire Taxes to the church Land controlled by the church Church = absolute power Pursuing his goals 799: uprising = Charlemagne’s help Christmas 800 A.D.

Charlemagne Charlemagne established missi dominci (messengers of the lord king) two men who were sent to make for sure the kings wishes were followed 800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the coronation symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements that forged European civilization Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by Charlemagne desire to promote learning Benedictine monks played important role in revival of learning

Charlemagne’s Empire

Fall of Carolingian empire Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons Muslims invaded southern France Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the empire Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland 9th century, Vikings settled in Europe 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy

The Rise of Feudalism a political and economic system based on land- holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.

Invaders Attack Western Europe The Vikings Invade from the North Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia— Denmark, Norway, Sweden Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800s Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering

A New Social Order: Feudalism Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges—political system based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders The Feudal Pyramid Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom Knights—horsemen— defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

Social Classes Are Well Defined Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups those who fight: nobles and knights those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church, those who work: peasants Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birth Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord