l The First Computers l Foundations of Modern Computing l The First Generation l The Second Generation l The Third Generation l The Fourth Generation l A Fifth Generation l Lessons Learned A History of Computer Technology

The First Computers A Historical Perspective The abacus, known to have existed in ancient Babylonia and Egypt, remained in widespread use in the Far East until recently.

The First Computers A Historical Perspective l Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom l “Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer design äDifference Engine äAnalytical Engine

The First Computers A Historical Perspective Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer programmer, played a key role in formulating the notion of programming the Analytical Engine.

The First Computers A Historical Perspective In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans, as shown in this woodcut. It worked perfectly.

The First Computers A Historical Perspective Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the predecessors of today’s business machines. l Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau äinvented an electronic punching device äfounded Tabulating Machine Co. which became IBM

Foundations of Modern Computing A Historical Perspective ENIACENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was mainly used to solve math problems

The Stored Program Concept A Historical Perspective The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the computer’s memory.

The First Generation 1950s A Historical Perspective The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation computers did not work most of the time.

A Historical Perspective Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the 1952 U.S. presidential election.

The First Generation A Historical Perspective l Features of UNIVAC äeasier to use (than ENIAC) äfewer vacuum tubes (more reliable) ästored program ägeneral-purpose äused machine language l IBM 701 l IBM 650

The Second Generation Early1960s A Historical Perspective The transistor heralded the second generation of computers

The Second Generation A Historical Perspective l Features and Advancements ästill use punch cards äused printers, tape storage, & disk storage äused high-level programming languages äCOBOL & FORTRAN introduced l IBM 1401

The Second Generation A Historical Perspective l Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA) l American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) l IBM System/360 äline of compatible computers äinstruction set enabled to be used for both business and science

The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s) A Historical Perspective l Advancements and Milestones äused timesharing äaccessed remotely by terminals äused integrated circuits (small, medium, to large- scale integration) resulting in lower cost Integrated chips

The Third Generation A Historical Perspective l More Advancements and Milestones äDEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8 ämany different programming languages äIBM “unbundled” its systems

A Historical Perspective l Still More Advancements and Milestones äWide-area networks (WAN) developed äARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP) äLocal area networks (LAN) developed äMainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture)

The Fourth Generation ( ) A Historical Perspective l Advancements and Milestones äemployed very-large-scale integration (VLSI) ädeveloped Intel 4004, first microprocessor äApple Computer founded äIBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) äIBM compatibles or clones introduced

The Fourth Generation A Historical Perspective The first IBM PC was released in Intel provided the microprocessor chip and Microsoft Corporation provided the operating system

The Fourth Generation A Historical Perspective Interfaces IntelMotorola Macintosh PC The first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)

A Historical Perspective Macintosh was the first commercial personal computer to offer a user interface Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM- compatible microcomputers

A Fifth Generation? A Historical Perspective Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence (AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI has been slow in coming.

A Fifth Generation? A Historical Perspective Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.

Lessons Learned A Historical Perspective l Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers l Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software l A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non- proprietary standards