The Industrial Revolution DO NOW: What was the Industrial Revolution?

Great Britain, 1780s Causes 1. Agrarian Revolution New farming technology (seed drill, fertilizers) Increased food supply Population explosion Enclosure movement - consolidation of many small farms into one large farm

2. Ready supply of money and markets $ to invest in new machines and factories Places to sell products Entrepreneurs 3. Plentiful natural resources Iron ore Coal Navigable rivers Natural harbors

4. Energy and Technology Water power Steam power

Factory System and Mass Production New labor system Longer hours to meet higher demands Child labor Harsh treatment, bad working conditions

Lbs. of imported raw cotton Textile Industry Production of clothing or fabric Technologies: Flying Shuttle (1733) Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving Spinning Jenny (1765) Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when spun by hand Power Loom (1785) Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth Year Lbs. of imported raw cotton 1760 2.5 million 1787 22 million 1840 366 million

Coal and Iron Coal Iron Ore Steam engines replace water wheels and wood burning (1800s) Fueled by coal (abundant resource) Iron Ore high quality iron Industry booms 1740 – 17,000 tons 1780 – 70,000 tons 1852 – 3 million tons Used for machines (trains)

Railroads 1804, steam locomotive (train) makes transportation easier Railroad expansion leads to: New jobs Lower priced goods and larger markets More factories and machinery

Riding the Liverpool-Manchester Railway, 1830

Spread of Industrialization Spread to Europe Belgium, France, Germany Government funded roads, canals, railroads

Social Impacts Urbanization Population growth Growth of middle class Enclosure movement, attraction of work Crowded, dirty cities (eventual reform) Population growth People live longer, more resistant to disease (increase life expectancy) Growth of middle class Industrial middle class (upper) Business people and professionals such as doctors, lawyers Industrial working class (lower) Other professionals such as shop owners, office workers, teachers

Romanticism Art, Music Literature Emotion, rather than reason Rebelled against middle class conventions Interest in medieval era; exotic and unfamiliar Art, Music Reflection of artist’s inner feelings Ludwig van Beethoven Literature Gothic Frankenstein Edgar Allan Poe

Realism Rejected romanticism Examination of real social issues Literature Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist Art Everyday life, ordinary people Factor workers, peasants

The 2nd Industrial Revolution New Products and Patterns Steel Replaces iron Railways, ships, weapons Electricity Electric lights - Thomas Edison Telephone -Alexander Graham Bell Guglielmo Marconi – first to send radio waves across Atlantic Subways Conveyor belts, machines Internal combustion engine Automobiles Airplane Mass production Assembly line World economy

Calls for Reform Karl Marx and Frederich Engels 1848, wrote The Communist Manifest Blamed industrial capitalism for the terrible factory working conditions Marx said all of world history was a “history of class struggles” Oppressors (Bourgeoisie - owners of the means of production, middle class) vs. the Oppressed (Proletariat - owned nothing, working class) Class struggle would lead to revolution  proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie  establish a classless society

Early Socialism Economic system where government owns and controls means of production (factories, utilities) People work in cooperation, not competition More even distribution of wealth Utopian society

Workers and Factories City Reforms Fought to improve working conditions, hours, wages Collective bargaining Union strikes City Reforms Boards of health created to improve housing Building inspectors Running water and internal drainage systems

Society Another (lower) Middle Class Women’s Experiences Education Traveling salespeople, telephone operators, department sales people, secretaries Women’s Experiences Took jobs as clerks, typists, secretaries, teachers, nurses Fight for suffrage Education Mass society = compulsory education

Effects of the Revolution New Class Structure Upper – very rich industrial and business families Middle – (upper, middle, lover) growth; Higher standard of living! Lower - factory workers and peasants Urbanization Growth of cities (population) Unsanitary conditions  eventually sought reform Improved transportation Roads, canals, railroads, steam locomotives, steam-engine ships Mass Production Factories Machines Cheap labor – poor working conditions  eventually sought reform Rise of Big Business Factories – mass production Selling of stock Growth of companies Laissez-faire Economics Capitalism Supply and demand