 Grade 4  J. BROWN

 Upper Paleolithic 30,000-10,000 BCE Towns, Military fortress built near water springs  Mycenaean Era 230 ft. from valley basin Flattened to about 1,000 ft. by 500 ft. Fortified Citadel

 Archaic BCE Greek city-state Trade port between Aegean and Mediterranean Seas  Classical BCE Early Democracy Acropolis

 Parthenon  Propylaia  Erechteion  Temple of Athena Nike  Chalkotheke  Artemis Brauronia  Statue of Athena Promachos

 Original building burnt down by Persians in 480 BCE  Current building Construction BCE Iktinos and Kallikrates In honor of the Greek goddess Athena Dedicated in 438 BCE Cost 489 silver talents 1 silver talent = 1 warship

 Designed to be viewed from exterior only  Exterior 8 columns wide x 17 columns long 102 ft. x 228 ft.  Interior Front Room held a monumental statue of Athena Made of gold and ivory Sculpted by Pheidos Back room held treasure dedicated to Athena  Made of approximately 13,400 stones

 Visual Illusions Columns placed so that as you get closer, the more of the statue is in view Corner columns modified with size and spacing to appear bigger Columns thicker near top to give appearance of being under stress from holding the roof Designed to have a theater effect as visitors moved closer and around the temple

 Monumental entrance surrounding nature entrance  Construction Designed by Mnesikles Started in 437 BCE Shortly after major construction of the Parthenon ended 432 BCE although almost finished construction halted due to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War  Consists of a large ramp leading towards entrance of Acropolis

 Near top splits into two entrances Continue on a more narrow ramp Four marble steps  Large central gate or two smaller doors on either side  Roof made of large marble slabs Supported by columns only  East Section Called Pinakotheke Held paintings mythological content

 West Section Slightly higher than east section Near the Temple of Athena Nike Hellenistic Era BCE A pedestal supporting a bronze statue of four horses pulling a chariot Pedestal made by Eumenes and Attalos Statue by Agrippas  Relation to Parthenon Propylaia width = Parthenon length Proportional to each other Both with north to south orientation

 Used for religious rituals  Construction BCE Athens was dealing with revolts and the Peloponnesian War  Faces east  Entrance consisted of six columns  North and west walls set higher than east and south due to uneven ground  Interior layout lost to history

 Two porches Northwest held up by columns Southwest held up by six female statues Called the Caryatids The women’s identities are lost to history At site, exact replicas Originals in an Athens Museum Except one which was bought by Lord Elgin and taken to London Such practices of buying historical artifacts is now frowned upon

 East area Dedicated to Athena Polias (protector of earth and fertility) Held a highly sacred wooden statue of Athena Said to have fallen from the heavens  West area Dedicated to Poseidon-Erechtheus (Greek god of the sea) Sheltered marks in the rock that Athenians believed was made by Poseidon’s trident, Erechteian Sea fountain alters Hephaestus, and the Athenian hero Boutos

 Originally the site of worship of Bronze Age “Nike” gods or goddesses  Built in 420 BCE by Kallikrates  Also named Apteros Nike Wing-less Victory  11 ft. tall  Faced east toward the Propylaia Front had four columns concealing a blind wall Back had four columns  Had a parapet added in 410 BCE to prevent people from falling  Held a wooden statue of Athena Nike Right hand held a pomegranate Left hand held a helmet  Has been dismantled and reconstructed several times throughout history

 Housed the Treasury of Athens Mainly copper and bronze items  Built by Kimon in 430 BCE Computer-generated reconstruction of the Chalkotheke (blank structure in background). The structure visible on the left is the Parthenon.

 Was a stoa dedicated to Artemis Brauronia Greek goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, and young girls  Built in 430 BCE Computer-generated image of the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia by Kronoskaf

 30-foot bronze statue of Athena Sculpted by Phidias About 456 BCE Sun reflection off the helmet and spear said to be visible 30 miles away Athena Who Fights in the Foremost Ranks Marble Replica