Muscle & Nervous Tissue

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Membranes, Muscle Tissues, and Nervous Tissues

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Presentation transcript:

Muscle & Nervous Tissue Chapter 5 cont….

Muscle Tissue 3 types: Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Muscles (attached to bone) “striated voluntary” muscle Structure: striations, multi-nucleated, long, tread-like cells, bundles of microfilaments

Smooth Muscle Tissue Aka: visceral muscle tissue Lines walls of hollow internal organs (viscera) Stomach, intestines, blood vessels “non-striated involuntary” muscle Structure: long, narrow cells, non-striated

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Walls of the heart “striated involuntary” muscle Structure: striations, dark band (intercalated disks (where plasma membranes meet up)

Nervous Tissue Rapidly integrates activities of various parts of the body Rapid communication is made possible b/c of the excitability & conductivity characteristics of the nervous tissue http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif

Nervous System 3 Parts: Brain Spinal cord Nerves Nervous Tissue: Common origin: ectoderm Two cell types: Neurons (nerve cell) Neuroglia (supporting cells)

Anatomy of Neurons Cell body – soma Cell processes: Axon  transmits nerve impulses away from cell body Dendrites  carry signals towards axon http://www.nida.nih.gov/jsp/MOD3/images/NEURON2.gif

Homework Finish reading chapter 5 (pp 143-151) Muscle tissue handout – Due Tuesday

Warm Up (10/5/10) Use your notes to identify the muscle tissue below: 2. 1. 3.

Reminder Muscle tissue quiz on block day Study muscle tissue notes & muscle tissue WS Exam I is on Friday – will cover remainder of chapter 5

Tissue Repair After mechanical damage or tissue injury: Phagocytic cells remove dead or injured cells Regeneration: growth of functional new tissue (via mitotic division) Repair capacity based on tissue type

Epithelial & Connective Tissue Repair Greatest capacity to regenerate Epithelial Tissue: Cut/injury  cell division  tissue regeneration Connective Tissue: Cut/injury  activation of cells that make collagen fibers  injury site filled w/ dense fibrous CT Small injury – dense fibrous CT replaced by normal tissue Deep/large injury – dense fibrous CT forms scar

Muscle Tissue Repair Limited repair capacity Damaged muscle tissue replaced with fibrous CT Results in loss of some or all ability to function normally

Nervous Tissue Repair Limited ability to regenerate Some neurons outside the brain and spinal cord can regenerate (slow process) Majority of the time: brain & spinal injuries always result in permanent damage

Body Membranes Membrane – thin, sheet-like structure Two types: Epithelial membranes Composed of epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue Connective Tissues membranes Composed entirely of connective tissue

Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous membrane Serous membrane Cover body surfaces exposed to external environment (skin) Serous membrane Single membrane covering two different surfaces Parietal membrane – lines walls of body cavities Visceral membrane – covers surface of organs Secrete thin, watery substance to prevent rubbing Mucous membrane Line body surfaces open to exterior Ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts

Connective Tissue Membranes Synovial membranes Lines spaces between bones & joints Secrete thick, colorless, lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) Fluid helps reduce friction btwn bone surfaces

Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer Neoplasm – “new matter” (tumor) Abnormal growth of cells Benign Tumors Do no spread to other tissues Slow growth Encapsulated Usually not lethal unless interfere w/ organs

Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer Malignant tumors (cancer) Not encapsulated Spreads (metastasizes) Cancer cells spread via blood or lymphatic system Rapid growth/spread to nearby tissue

(Known) Causes of Cancer Genetic Factors Inherited cancer genes “oncogenes” Tumor suppressor gene – fails to operate Usually genetic predisposition coupled with cancer-causing mechanisms Ex: breast cancer Carcinogens (cancer markers) Affect genetic activity  abnormal cell reproduction Also called mutagens Ex: chemicals, sun, viruses Age Some cancers arise based on age Ex: leukemia (young) & colon cancer (older adults)

Detection of Cancer Self-examination Medical Imagining Blood tests Breast and testicular exams Medical Imagining X-ray Ex: mammogram – detection of breast cancer CT, MRI, ultrasound Produce cross-section of body images for tumor detection Blood tests Look for tumor markers (ex: PSA) Biopsy Removal of tumor tissue

Cancer Treatment Options Stage and grade cancer Helps determine outcomes Surgical removal (if possible) Could leave behind malignant cells Chemotherapy – cytotoxic (cell-killing) drugs Destroys remaining malignant cells Radiation therapy Destructive x-ray or gamma radiation destroys cancer cells Immunotherapy Boosting immune system again viruses

Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition. Thibodeau, Gary A. PhD and Patton, Kevin T. PhD. Mosby, Inc.