Wind and Hydro Power Technologies Fall 2011 Appalachian State University

Outline  Introduce Components of the system  Discuss in depth  Intakes  Penstocks  Turbines  High head, low flow  High flow, low head  Generators/alternators  Tailrace

Mechanical Power from Water Wheels began 2000 years ago

Microhydro Power Today

These Turbines are turned by water. That turning motion creates energy by causing coils of wire to move relative to magnets. With the high head situations we commonly see in the mountains, pelton wheels and turgo wheels are commonly used. Jets are sprayed into cups of these wheels

Basic Components of the System  Diversion/intake  Pipeline/penstock  Powerhouse  Turbine  Tailrace

System Basics

Intake  Supply water to the system  Intake must:  Screen out rock and other debris ¼-inch and larger  High head – remove silt as well  Keep out water creatures – fish and others aquatic life  Reduce the formation of air bubbles entering the system

Pipe with a screen  Benefits:  Simple construction  Low cost  Drawbacks:  Must be cleaned often Home Power Magazine

Open Pipe with Settling Container  Benefits:  Low maintenance  Low cost  Filter find particulates  Drawback:  Can cause air bubbles Home Power Magazine

Screen Box  Benefits:  Catch a lot of debris  Drawback:  Difficult to construct  Hard to clean  Requires a weir Home Power Magazine

Pond Bucket  Benefits:  Ease of construction  Low air intake  Drawbacks:  Requires slow moving Water  Difficult access for cleaning Home Power Magazine

Culvert Intake / Tap  Benefits:  Uses existing infrastructure  Drawbacks  Difficult to construct  Restricts culvert flow Spillway – Coanda Effect  Benefits:  Self-cleaning  Recued ecological impact  Drawback:  Expensive Home Power Magazine

The Intake Diverting clean water into the penstock Hydro-Shear Coanda Effect screen Start of Penstock Steam Flow Shown here:

Slow-Water Water Diversion  Benefits:  Large Streams  Drawbacks:  Construction difficulty  Stream blowout Siphon Intake  Benefits:  Easy installation  Drawbacks:  Needs screen  Losses prime  Special priming process Home Power Magazine

The Intake Diverting clean water into the penstock ScreenStart of Penstock Steam Flow A dirty creek may need more settling time Overflow

Pipeline / Penstock  The component that delivers the water to the turbine.

Factors to Consider  surface roughness  design pressure  method of jointing  weight and ease of installation  accessibility of the site  terrain  soil type  design life and maintenance  weather conditions  availability  relative cost  likelihood of structural damage.

Burying Pipe  Burying the penstock improve aesthetics.  It is vital to ensure a buried penstock is properly and meticulously installed  subsequent problems such as leaks are much harder to detect and rectify.  A good idea if using PVC

Penstock Support System PVC likes to stay straight HDPE can follow the contour of the ground

Penstock Materials  Steel  Rust, rough (high losses)  High wear and high pressure (road crossing, bottom of penstock)  AL irrigation pipe  Low pressure rating  Can’t be buried else it will corrode  Pressure Rated PVC  Readily available and easily joined  UV degradation and physical damage  Buried, covered or painted  PVC sewer pipe  Low-budget, not pressure-rated!  HPDE (Polyethylene)  Toughest, you can drag it into place, can be exposed  Joined by a fusion welder

Big fusion welder

Pipe Friction Losses  Must use charts to calculate head loss due to pipe friction  Flow varies with D 3  4” pipe can flow 8x more water than 2” pipe

Types of Turbines

Types of Systems Turbines can be of many forms. Listed are a few of the major types. High headMedium headLow head Impulse turbines Pelton Turgo Cross-flow Multi-jet Pelton Turgo Cross-flow Reaction turbines Francis Pump-as-turbine Propeller Kaplan

Kaplan Francis Reaction Turbines Submerged in the flow; driven by the pressure differential

Large Scale Reaction Turbine

Banki Crossflow Banki and Crossflow Impulse – sheet of water

Pelton and Turgo Impulse – jet of water 4 “

Turbines are turned by water. The turbine drives a generator or Alternator which produces electricity.

Harris Hydro  feet of head  GPM of flow  1 nozzle $1800  2 nozzle $1950  4 nozzle $

Energy Systems & Design  Stream Engine  Heads from 6 to 300 feet. 2 Nozzle Bronze $ Nozzle Bronze $2545 High Voltage Option $200 High Current Option $100

Energy Systems & Design  Low Head Propeller Turbine  heads of 2 feet up to 10 feet.  At the maximum head, the output is 1 kW.  Water Baby  Operates much the same as the Stream Engine but requires very little water (pelton wheel)  Will operate on as little as 3 gpm but requires at least 100 feet of head. Baby Generator, 1 Nozzle (12/24 volt) $1395 Extra Nozzles (installed)$120 ea High Voltage (48/120 volt)$100 LH1000 with Draft Tube$1995 High Voltage Option$200 extra High Current Option$100 extra

Hydro Induction Power  Good for long wire runs, 60' - 500' head, gpm  The units produce 3-Phase 120V, 240V, or 480V 'wild' (unregulated) AC, which is then stepped down to battery voltage.  The heavy-duty brushless alternator is housed on the Harris Housing  HV 600 with 2 Nozzles $2500  HV 600 with 4 Nozzles $2600  HV 1200 with 4 Nozzles $3000  HV 1800 with 4 Nozzles $3500  HV 3600 with 4 Nozzles $5000  Turgo option $600

Hydro Induction Power  Now offer a new LOW VOLTAGE (12V/24V), brushless unit (48V coming in 2006).  It can generate either 12V or 24V with pressures from 20psi to 150psi (46' - 400'). Above this pressure, it will generate 48V. 12/24V Hydro with 1 Nozzle: $ /24V Hydro with 2 Nozzles:$ /24V Hydro with 3 Nozzles:$ /24V Hydro with 4 Nozzles:$1500 Upgrade from Harris Hydro: $500 Turgo option $600

Canyon Hydro  Serious engineering KWgpm Canyon KWgpm Canyon KW Canyon Crossflow

Alternative Power & Machine  Economy models  Permanent magnet units  Accessories  Exercise Bicycle Type Battery Chargers, etc.  Niche: Ease of maintenance and adjustment

Other a wind and hydro turbine $1300 The Jack Rabbit, just drop it into the river $1295