1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

2 1.1 The Human Body

3 A.Introduction 1.Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures 2.Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system 3.The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other)

4 B.Organization of Body Parts 1.Levels of Organization a.Chemical – atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell b.Cellular – basic unit of life c.Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific function d.Organs – several types of tissues that perform a specific function e.Organ Systems – several organs that work together to perform related functions f.Organism – all the systems that interact to make the whole organism

5 Levels of Organization

6 1.2 Anatomical Terms

7 A.Introduction 1.Anatomical terms are used to describe: a.Location of body parts b.Regions of the body c.Imaginary planes by which the body can be sectioned

8 Introduction, cont 2.Anatomical position a.Common reference point for all anatomical terms b.Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

9 B.Directional Terms 1.Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal) 2.Superior/Inferior 3.Medial/Lateral 4.Proximal/Distal 5.Superficial/Deep 6.Central/Peripheral 7.Ipsilateral/Contralateral

10 Directional Terms

11 C.Regions of the Body 1.Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk 2.Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

12 Terms for body parts and areas

13 D.Planes and Sections of the Body 1.Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions a.Midsagittal – exactly through the midline b.Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline 2.Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 3.Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions

14 Body planes and sections

Body cavities and membranes

16 A.Posterior (dorsal) body cavity 1.Cranial cavity – contains the brain 2.Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord 3.Meninges – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord

17 B.Anterior (ventral) body cavity 1.Thoracic cavity a.Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures b.Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

18 Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont 2.Abdominopelvic cavity a.Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines b.Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

19 Major body cavities and membranes

20 C.Ventral cavity membranes 1.Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities a.Thoracic cavity 1)Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity 2)Parietal pericardium – creates pericardial cavity b.Abdominopelvic cavity 1)Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

21 Ventral cavity membranes, cont 2.Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity a.Thoracic cavity 1)Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue 2)Visceral pericardium – covers heart b.Abdominopelvic cavity 1)Visceral peritoneum – covers many organs in abdominopelvic cavity

22 Ventral cavity membranes, cont 3.A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction 4.Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue

23 Relationship between the body wall, serous membranes, and organs

24 D.Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants 1.Abdominopelvic regions - nine regions a.Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric b.Right and left lumbar, umbilical c.Right and left iliac, hypogastric 2.Four quadrants a.Right upper, left upper b.Right lower, left lower

25 Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants

Organ Systems

27 A.Support, Movement, and Protection 1.Integumentary System a.Skin and accessory organs b.Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals 2.Skeletal System a.Bones, cartilage, ligaments b.Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells 3.Muscular System a.Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles b.Movement, posture, heat production

28 B.Integration and Coordination 1.Nervous System a.Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs b.Communication, control, and responses 2.Endocrine System a.Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc b.Communication, control, and responses

29 C.Maintenance of the Body 1.Cardiovascular System a.Heart and blood vessels b.Transport 2.Lymphatic and Immune Systems a.Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, special cells and chemicals b.Protect from disease 3.Respiratory System a.Lungs and passages b.Gas exchange

30 Maintenance of the Body, cont 4.Digestive System a.Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs b.Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use 5.Urinary System a.Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubes b.Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

31 D.Reproduction and Development 1.Male Reproductive System a.Testes, ducts, glands b.Produce sperm and male sex hormones 2.Female Reproductive System a.Ovaries, ducts, uterus b.Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development

Homeostasis

33 A.Introduction 1.Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment 2.External conditions may change dramatically 3.Internal conditions stay within a narrow range 4.Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant 5.Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

34 B.Components of homeostatic mechanisms 1.Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment 2.Control center – activates the effector 3.Effector – produces a response to the change

35 C.Negative feedback 1.Primary homeostatic mechanism 2.Effector reverses the change in the internal environment 3.Keeps the variable close to the set point

36 Negative feedback general pattern

37 Mechanical example of negative feedback

38 Body temperature regulation

39 D.Positive feedback 1.Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs 2.Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point a.Blood clotting b.Childbirth 3.Can be harmful

40 Positive feedback

41 E.Homeostasis and body systems 1.All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis 2.Each system affects the other systems

42 Human systems work together

43 Human systems work together

44 F.Disease occurs when homeostasis fails 1.Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body 2.Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body 3.Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time 4.Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term