Functions of the Nervous System Sensory input – ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Changes = ________________________ Integration ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Nervous System Motor output __________________________________ Slide 7.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) ___________________________ Peripheral nervous system (PNS) __________________________________ Slide 7.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Sensory (afferent) division ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division Two subdivisions ___________________________________ Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia) Astrocytes ____________________________________ __________________ _________________ Figure 7.3a Slide 7.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Microglia __________________ Ependymal cells ______________________________________________________ _________________________________ Figure 7.3b, c Slide 7.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Oligodendrocytes ____________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.3d Slide 7.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Satellite cells __________________________________ Schwann cells ____________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.3e Slide 7.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons __________________________________ Major regions of neurons Cell body – __________________________________________________________________ Processes – __________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Anatomy Cell body Nissl substance – ________________________________________________ Neurofibrils – ________________________________________________ Figure 7.4a Slide 7.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Anatomy Cell body __________ ____________________ Figure 7.4a Slide 7.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Anatomy Extensions outside the cell body Dendrites – _______________________________________ Axons – _______________________________________ Figure 7.4a Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Axons and Nerve Impulses ________________________________ Axonal terminals contain ________________________________ Axonal terminals are ________________________________ Synaptic cleft – __________________________________ Synapse – _________________________ Slide 7.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Fiber Coverings Schwann cells – ___________________________________________________ Nodes of Ranvier – ___________________________________________________ Figure 7.5 Slide 7.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Cell Body Location Most are found in the ________________________________ Gray matter – __________________________________ Nuclei – ____________________________________________________________________ Ganglia – ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of Neurons Sensory (afferent) neurons __________________________________ Cutaneous sense organs Proprioceptors – ___________________ Motor (efferent) neurons ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.14a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of Neurons Interneurons (association neurons) ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ Slide 7.14b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons Multipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.8a Slide 7.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons Bipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.8b Slide 7.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons Unipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.8c Slide 7.16c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Properties of Neurons Irritability – ______________________ Conductivity – ________________________________________________________________ The plasma membrane at rest is polarized ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Starting a Nerve Impulse Depolarization – _________________________________________________________ A deploarized membrane allows ______________________________________ The exchange of ions initiates ______________________________________ Figure 7.9a–c Slide 7.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Action Potential If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, ________________________________________________________________ Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, ________________________________ The sodium-potassium pump restores ________________________________ This action requires __________________ Slide 7.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulse Propagation The impulse continues ________________________________ Impulses travel faster when ________________________________ Figure 7.9c–e Slide 7.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons ________________________________________________________________ ____________________ is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An ___________________ is started in the dendrite Slide 7.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Reflex Arc Reflex – ________________________________________________________________ Reflex arc – ________________________________________________________________ Figure 7.11a Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Reflexes and Regulation Autonomic reflexes ______________________________ Somatic reflexes Slide 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Central Nervous System (CNS) ________________________________________________________________ The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles _________________________________ Slide 7.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regions of the Brain ____________________________________ ____________ Figure 7.12 Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) ____________________________________________ Figure 7.13a Slide 7.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) The surface is made of _______________________________________________________ Figure 7.13a Slide 7.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lobes of the Cerebrum ________________________________________________________________ Surface lobes of the cerebrum __________________________________ Slide 7.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Somatic sensory area – ________________________________________________________________ Primary motor area – ________________________________________________________________ Broca’s area – ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Cerebral areas involved in special senses __________________________________ Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Interpretation areas of the cerebrum __________________________________ Slide 7.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum Gray matter _____________ ____________________________________________________ Figure 7.13a Slide 7.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum White matter _______________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________ Figure 7.13a Slide 7.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum Basal nuclei – ____________________________________________________ Figure 7.13a Slide 7.33c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diencephalon ________________________________ Made of three parts __________________________________ Slide 7.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thalamus Surrounds the ____________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamus Under the _______________________ Important autonomic nervous system center __________________________________ Slide 7.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamus An important part of the ________________________________ (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the ________________________________ Slide 7.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithalamus Forms the _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Brain Stem Attaches to the ___________________ Parts of the brain stem __________________________________ Slide 7.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Midbrain Mostly composed of ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Has four rounded protrusions – corpora quadrigemina ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pons The bulging center part of the ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Medulla Oblongata ________________________________ Merges into the ___________________ Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers __________________________________ Slide 7.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reticular Formation ________________________________________________________________ Reticular activating system plays a role in ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.42a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebellum ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.43a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Protection of the Central Nervous System ________________________________ __________ Figure 7.16a Slide 7.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Protection of the Central Nervous System ________________________________ Figure 7.16a Slide 7.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Meninges Dura mater ______________________________ __________________________________ Periosteum – _________________________________ Meningeal layer – _________________________________ ______________________________ Slide 7.45a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Meninges Arachnoid layer Pia mater __________________________________ Slide 7.45b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebrospinal Fluid Similar to ________________________ Formed by the ____________________ ________________________________________________________________ Circulated in ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Brain Barrier ________________________________________________________________ Useless against some substances __________________________________ Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Traumatic Brain Injuries Concussion __________________________________ Contusion Cerebral edema Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Commonly called a ________________ ________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alzheimer’s Disease ________________________________ Mostly seen in the ________________________________________________________________ Structural changes in the brain include ________________________________________________________________ Victims experience ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord ____________________________________________________________________ Below T12 is the ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Exterior white mater – ________________________________ Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Internal gray matter - ________________________________ Dorsal (posterior) horns Anterior (ventral) horns Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Central canal filled with ________________________________ Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy _______________cover the spinal cord Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae _______________________________ Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system ___________________________ Slide 7.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Peripheral Nervous System ________________________________________________________________ Nerve = _________________________ Neuron fibers are bundled by ________________________________ Slide 7.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of a Nerve ________________________________________________ Figure 7.20 Slide 7.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Nerves Mixed nerves – ________________________________________________________________ Afferent (sensory) nerves – ________________________________________________________________ Efferent (motor) nerves – ________________________________ Slide 7.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 7.58 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves I Olfactory nerve – ________________ II Optic nerve – __________________ III Oculomotor nerve – ________________________________ IV Trochlear – ________________________________ Slide 7.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves V Trigeminal nerve – ________________________________________________________________ VI Abducens nerve – ________________________________ VII Facial nerve – ________________________________ VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve – ________________________________ Slide 7.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – ________________________________ X Vagus nerves – ________________________________ XI Accessory nerve – ________________________________ XII Hypoglossal nerve – ________________________________ Slide 7.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Nerves There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of ________________________________ Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ________________________________ Spinal nerves are named for the ________________________________ Slide 7.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of Spinal Nerves Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord Dorsal rami – ___________________________________________________ Ventral rami – ___________________________________________________ Figure 7.22b Slide 7.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autonomic Nervous System The ___________________________ of the nervous system ________________________________ Divided into two divisions __________________________________ Slide 7.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Nerves __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Effector organs Slide 7.68a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Nerurotransmitters __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.68b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division Originates from ___________________ ________________________________________________________________ Short pre-ganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron transmit impulse from ____________________________ Norepinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters to the ____________ Slide 7.70 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division Originates from the ________________________________________________________________ Terminal ganglia are at the ________________________________ Always uses ___________________ as a neurotransmitter Slide 7.72 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic – ____________________ __________________________________ Remember as the “E” division = ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.74a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autonomic Functioning Parasympathetic – ________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7.74b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development Aspects of the Nervous System The nervous system is formed during the ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ The _______________________ is one of the last areas of the brain to develop Slide 7.75a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development Aspects of the Nervous System No more neurons are formed _______________________, but growth and maturation continues for several years The brain reaches __________________ as a young adult Slide 7.75b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings