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1.1 The Human Body

Introduction Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other).

Organization of Body Parts Levels of Organization Chemical – atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell Cellular – basic unit of life Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific function Organs – several types of tissues that perform a specific function Organ Systems – several organs that work together to perform related functions Organism – all the systems that interact to make the whole organism

Levels of Organization

1.2 Anatomical Terms

Introduction Anatomical terms are used to describe: Location of body parts Regions of the body Imaginary planes by which the body can be sectioned

Introduction, cont Anatomical position Common reference point for all anatomical terms Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

Directional Terms Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal) Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Central/Peripheral Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Directional Terms

Regions of the Body Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

Terms for body parts and areas

Planes and Sections of the Body Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions Midsagittal – exactly through the midline Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions

Body planes and sections

1.3 Body cavities and membranes

Posterior (dorsal) body cavity Cranial cavity – contains the brain Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord Meninges – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord

Anterior (ventral) body cavity Thoracic cavity Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont Abdominopelvic cavity Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

Major body cavities and membranes

Ventral cavity membranes Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities Thoracic cavity Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity Parietal pericardium – creates pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Ventral cavity membranes, cont Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity Thoracic cavity Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue Visceral pericardium – covers heart Abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum – covers many organs in abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral cavity membranes, cont A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue

Relationship between the body wall, serous membranes, and organs

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Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants Abdominopelvic regions - nine regions Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric Right and left lumbar, umbilical Right and left iliac, hypogastric Four quadrants Right upper, left upper Right lower, left lower

Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants

1.4 Organ Systems

Support, Movement, and Protection Integumentary System Skin and accessory organs Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, ligaments Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells Muscular System Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles Movement, posture, heat production

Integration and Coordination Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Communication, control, and responses Endocrine System Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc

Maintenance of the Body Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels Transport Lymphatic and Immune Systems Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, special cells and chemicals Protect from disease Respiratory System Lungs and passages Gas exchange

Maintenance of the Body, cont Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use Urinary System Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubes Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

Reproduction and Development Male Reproductive System Testes, ducts, glands Produce sperm and male sex hormones Female Reproductive System Ovaries, ducts, uterus Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development

1.5 Homeostasis

Introduction Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment External conditions may change dramatically Internal conditions stay within a narrow range Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

Components of homeostatic mechanisms Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment Control center – activates the effector Effector – produces a response to the change

Negative feedback Primary homeostatic mechanism Effector reverses the change in the internal environment Keeps the variable close to the set point

Negative feedback general pattern

Mechanical example of negative feedback

Body temperature regulation

Positive feedback Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point Blood clotting Childbirth Can be harmful

Positive feedback

Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

Homeostasis and body systems All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis. Each system affects the other systems.

Human systems work together

Human systems work together

Disease occurs when homeostasis fails Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term