I. Nerve Organization A.Nerve Net – Limited synapses between neurons. B.Ganglia – Local cluster of nerves. C.Cephalization – Head formation and bilateral.

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Presentation transcript:

I. Nerve Organization A.Nerve Net – Limited synapses between neurons. B.Ganglia – Local cluster of nerves. C.Cephalization – Head formation and bilateral semetry allow for complex brain function.

Fig. 35.3, p. 589 ganglion (brainlike structure) one of two nerve cords segmental ganglion rudimentary brain nerve chord brain nerve chord optic lobe connected with visual stimuli brain one of two nerve cords FLATWORM EARTHWORM CRAYFISHGRASSHOPPER

II. Division of Nervous System A. Cell Types 1. Gray Matter – Neurons without myelin sheath 2. White Matter – Neurons with fatty myelin sheath. 3. Neuroglia – Cells of nervous system other than neurons (Schwann cells).

II. Nervous System (con’t) B. Brain and Body 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord. Surrounded by membrane called meninges (blood/brain barrier). 2. Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve bundles extending beyond CNS.

Fig. 35.5, p. 591 BRAIN CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL CORD ulnar nerve lumbar nerves (five pairs) sacral nerves (five pairs) coccygeal nerves (one pair) cervical nerves (eight pairs) thoracic nerves (twelve pairs) sciatic nerve

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System 1. Somatic Nerves – Skeletal muscles, voluntary actions, skin, limbs, etc. 2. Autonomic Nerves - Nonvoluntary actions; smooth and cardiac muscles; glands.

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. 2. Divisions of Autonomic Nerves a. Parasympathetic: Basic biological functions; resting state. b. Sympathetic: Increased awareness and immediate energy; ‘nervousness.’

Nervous System Central Nervous System BrainSpinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonamic SympatheicParasympathetic

Fig. 35.6, p. 591 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain spinal cord sensory nerves axons of motor nerves somatic subdivision (motor functions) These nerves carry signals to and from skeletal muscles, tendons, and skin. autonomic subdivision (visceral functions) These nerves carry signals to and from internal organs (gut, heart, glands, etc.). parasympathetic nerves sympathetic nerves PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Fig. 35.4a, p. 590 FOREBRAIN. Receives, integrates sensory information from nose, eyes, and ears; in land-dwelling vertebrates, contains the highest integrating centers MIDBRAIN. Coordinates reflex responses to sight, sounds HINDBRAIN. Reflex control of respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks; in complex vertebrates, coordination of sensory input, motor dexterity, and possibly mental dexterity (start of spinal cord)

III. Very Basic Divisions of Brain A.Hindbrain: Brain stem in humans. 1. Medulla oblongata: respiration, circulation. 2. Cerebellum: Coordinates inputs; necessary for coordination and motor skills. 3. Pons: Bridge between hindbrain and midbrain.

Fig , p. 596 hypothalamus thalamuspineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons medulla oblongata

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) B. Midbrain: Greatly reduced in humans. Coordinates sight and sound in many vertebrates.

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) C. Forebrain: Most recent evolutionary component of brain. 1. Divided into two hemispheres 2. Cerebrum in mammals. 3. Thalamus: Relay or bridge to Cerebrum 4. Hypothalamus: Links brain with endocrine system; controls homeostatis.

IV. Details of Cerebrum A.Cerebral Cortex: Outer gray covering. Infolding increases surface area. B.Frontal Lobe: Associated with ‘higher thinking’ C.Parietal Lobe: Motor and sensory nerves. D.Temporal Lobe: Speech and Auditory nerves. E.Occipital: Sight.

Fig , p. 595

Fig , p. 596 hypothalamus thalamuspineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons medulla oblongata

Fig , p. 597 Motor cortex activity when speaking Prefrontal cortex activity when generating words Visual cortex activity when observing words Frontal lobe (planning of movements, aspects of memory, inhibition of unsuitable behaviors) primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex parietal lobe (visceral sensations) temporal lobe (hearing, advanced visual processing) occipital lobe (vision)

IV. Details of Cerebrum (con’t) F.Hemispheres: 1. Right: Visual/Spatial, music, ‘creative’ 2. Left: Speech, math, ‘analytical’ 3. Connected with Corpus Callosum G. Limbic System: Role in memory and emotion.

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