Kingdom Animalia: Vertebrate Unit Biology 3

Phylum Chordata  52,600+ species  Fishes  Amphibians  Reptiles  Aves  Mammals

Chordata Characteristics  At least at some stage of its life it possess a Notochord  Notochord: a firm flexible rod of specialized cells in the dorsal region of the body  For vertebrates, only appears during the embryonic stage  Notochord is replaced with a vertebral column (backbone)

Chordata Characteristics  Hollow nerve cord is called the spinal cord and brain

Chordata Characteristics  Eucoelomate  Deuterostome  Bilateral symmetry  Pharyngeal Pouches: in vertebrates this develops into the throat (pharynx) region

7 Classes of Living Vertebrates

Fish Characteristics and Classification

3 Classes of Fish: 1. Agnatha  Examples include hagfish (marine) or Lampryes (freshwater)  Jawless Fishes (no teeth or jaws)  Skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage  Lack vertebrae and keep their notochords  Possess skin not scales  Parasites or scavengers

2 Types of Agnatha A. Lampreys :  Filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults  Scrap away at skin with tooth structures  Sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its host

2 Types of Agnatha B. Hagfish  No eyes, light detecting sensors Feed on dead and dying fish  Use a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s slide

3 Classes of Fish 2. Chondrichthyes:  Sharks, Rays, Mantas and skates  Skeleton made entirely of cartilage  Most are carnivores

3 Classes of Fish 3. Osteichthyes (95% of all fish)  Examples include perch, bass catfish, bluegill  Bony fishes, they have jaws and live both in marine and freshwater

Structure and Functions of Fish  Operculum : Protects the gills  Caudal fin: functions to increase the swim speed  Anal Fin : near the anus, functions in keeping the fish upright

Structure and Functions of Fish  Pelvic Fin: (ventral and anterior) functions to steer, brake, swim backwards  Pectoral Fin: (ventral and anterior) near operculum, steer, brake and swim backward slowly

Structure and Functions of Fish  Swim/Air Bladder : pouch where gases from blood concentrate to give the fish buoyancy  Integument : (skin with scales) Protection

Structure and Functions of Fish  Chromatophores: Pigmented cells used for camouflage (blending in) and molting  Lateral Line : Cells that sense vibrations and chemicals

Class Amphibian Characteristics and Terms

What is an Amphibian  Lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult  Breaths with lungs as an adult  Has moist skin that contains mucous glands  Lacks scales and claws

Evolution of Amphibians  Vertebrates transition to land required them to:  Breathe air  Develop lungs  Protect themselves and their eggs from drying out  Produce watery mucous through the skin  Support against the pull of gravity  Evolved to have stronger bones for limbs and limb girdles

Pelvic Girdle Lungs Leg Bones: The legs of a land vertebrate must be strong enough to hold its weight. Skin: The skin and the lining of the mouth cavity of many adult amphibians are thin and richly supplied with blood vessels. Watery mucus is secreted by glands in the skin. Amphibian Adaptations

Amphibian Characteristics 1. Ectotherms (outside heat) or cold- blooded  Relies upon the environment to control body temp  Dormancy/tempor : reduces the state of metabolism (body functions slow down)  Why would they need this?

Amphibian Characteristics  2 Types of Dormancy: a) Hibernation: dormancy in winter b) Estivation: dormancy in summer 2. Amphibians can undergo metamorphosis  Aquatic larval stage matures into adult form

Amphibian Characteristics 3. Amphibians have a mucous secreting skin with no scales 4. Webbed feet without claws (if they have feet) 5. Gills, mouth, lungs and skin for respiration 6. Heart:  2 chambered heart: Larvae  3 chambered heart: Adult  Eggs lack a shell (laid in water)

Frog Anatomy and Adaptation  Possess 3 eyelids.  1 eyelid is transparent and keeps the eyeball moist and protected  Eyes and nostrils located at the top of the head  Allows for the frog to see and breath above and below the water

Frog Anatomy and Adaptation  Tympanic Membranes: eardrums are located behind the eyes (function both air and water)  Eustachian Tubes: located between mouth and ears.  Equalize air pressure  Aids in balance

Frog Anatomy and Adaptation  Mucous Membranes: keep the skin moist for respiration

Class Reptiles Characteristics and Terms

What is a Reptile?  A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs  Allow to live out of water

What is a Reptile?  Reproduction on land was now possible due to the development of the amniotic egg  egg with a protective membrane and porous shell enclosing the developing embryo

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall  The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo. Amnion

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall  The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surface of the egg and the embryo. Chorion

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall  The yolk sac contains the yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo. Yolk sac

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall  The allantois stores the waste produced by the embryo. Allantois

Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial Life  Dry, waterproof skin  Prevents the loss of body water in dry environment  Internal Fertilization  Terrestrial Eggs  Respiration is performed by internal lungs  To stay moist and protected

Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial Life  External structural adaptions:  Toes with claws (running, climbing, movement on land)  Circulation :  Reptilian circulation is more complex than that of amphibians  3 and 4 (crocs and alligators) chambered hearts are used

Characteristics of Reptiles  Body Temperature Control  Ectotherms: animals that rely on behavior control body temperature  Bask in the sun to warm up  Take shake to cool down

Groups of Reptiles  Groups of Reptiles  Lizards and snakes  Rely on speed, agility and camouflage to catch prey  Crocodilians  Snakes have immovable eyelids and no external ear openings  Snakes kill their prey by either:  Constrictions  Swallowing their prey whole  Venom

Groups of Reptiles  Turtles and Tortoises  Turtles live in water  Tortoises live on land  Tuatara  Lack external ears

Class Aves

How Birds are Classified  Physical Characteristics:  Beak  Feet  Plumage  Behavior and Song  DNA sequences

Characteristics of Birds  Possess feathers and thin, hollow bones for flight  Most species forelimbs function as wings used for flight instead of grasping  Two hind limbs with clawed toes are used to support the body

Characteristics of Birds  Birds are endotherms (warm-blooded)  4 chambered heart  Amniotic egg (incubated in a nest)  Feathers: modified