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2 CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Founded in 1954 by 12 countries – Norway one of them Today: 20 member states, around 2500 staff – around 15 from Norway (too few), plus fellows and technical students More than 8000 users from all over the world – around from Norway - reasonable ~1000 MCHF / Year budget – Norway pay around 2% 2004: The 20 member states

3 HEP in Norway Red: Universities (offering everything up through Ph.D) – Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Blue: University Colleges currently involved at CERN (offering up through master), some also involved in the ATLAS/ALICE experiment – and all technical students

4 CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties. Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors The highest energy of any accelerator in the world The most intense beams of colliding particles It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space

5 Speakers age distribution of 103 (of the 104) talks 28 female and 76 male speakers 4 th ATLAS Physics Workshop Athens, May 2003

6 Norway at CERN Geneva Airport LHC accelerator LEP earlier CERN main site SPS accelerator CERN 2nd site Norway at CERN (the last 20 years): At LEP the effort was focused on DELPHI and some fixed target experiments (for heavy ion studies) For LHC Norway participate in ATLAS and ALICE, taking on important construction tasks in both (silicon detector systems, calorimeter modules, trigger and readout electronics and cryogenic tasks) Norwegian/Nordic effort to prepare computing facilities for data analysis

7 The major technology activities at CERN last 8 years: Construction of silicon modules for ATLAS (UiB, UiO) - Completed successfully PHOS detector readout for ALICE (UiB, UiO) - Ongoing High Level Trigger development for ALICE (UiB, UiO) - Ongoing Construction of cryogenics tanks for ATLAS (NTNU, UiO, Industry) - Completed succesfully RD50 (UiO, SINTEF) – R&D work for future detector systems - Ongoing LHC detector construction

8 Main goals: best possible science, more people to/involved at CERN, technology contacts with projects and people. Organised in 3 approved projects: (1) ATLAS and (2) ALICE: Physics analysis, detector operation, pattern recognition software – mostly the experimental particle physics and heavy ions groups at UiB and UiO – in ATLAS and ALICE. Include also staff for Bergen and Gjøvik University Colleges. Theory programs for the theoretical physicist but limited funding Links to Norwegian part of Nordic GRID facility for data-analysis (3) Instrumentation and technology: Program related to R&D for new detector and electronics making use of new combined UiO and SINTEF facilities, a Technology Student program funded until 2011, Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer Officer, 1 FTE in CLIC development (and active at CERN). In addition (outside CERN related funding) : Astroparticle physics related to Planck and Gravitational lensing Strengthen new and better involvement of the Norwegian low energy nuclear physics community at ISOLDE (radioactive beam) – funding not secured GRID program for computing New programmes

9 Technology and Particle Physics Key technologies –Magnet technology and super conductive systems –Medical imaging and radiation treatment –Information technologies (WEB, GRID) - Grid is an emerging infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe –Surface science and materials –etc Norwegian involvement in this: –Technical students from Norway at CERN – today there are 10 Norwegians out of 120 in total –Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer activities –Norwegian Companies and Research Institutes –Physicists and engineers from Universities

10 Accelerator and experiments, big objects

11 25 ns  very powerful detectors needed      Proton/Proton collisions protons per bunch Event rate in detectors : N  1,000,000,000 interactions/s Interesting hard events are rare Selection of 1 in 10,000,000,000,000

12 Sequence q, g Higgs

13 Sequence   Higgs !!!!!! Close to 10 9 p-p coll/sec !!!!! Gives H in this channel: 100/year , p, K,…

14 Registration Energy Tracks

15 Higgs signature at the LHC We expect only 1 Higgs in 1,000,000,000,000 events The two proton beams at the LHC will collide head-on 100 million times per second

16 CERN, Internet and the WWW

17 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department The LHC Data Challenge The accelerator will be completed in 2008 and run for years Experiments will produce about 15 Million Gigabytes of data each year (about 20 million CDs!) LHC data analysis requires a computing power equivalent to ~100,000 of today's fastest PC processors Requires many cooperating computer centres, as CERN can only provide ~20% of the capacity

18 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department Solution: the Grid Use the Grid to unite computing resources of particle physics institutes around the world The World Wide Web provides seamless access to information that is stored in many millions of different geographical locations The Grid is an infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe

19 Diameter25 m Barrel toroid length26 m End-cap end-wall chamber span46 m Overall weight 7000 Tons The ATLAS Detector ATLAS superimposed to the 5 floors of building 40

20 The ATLAS Collaboration 36 Countries 165 Institutions 2000 Scientific Authors

all parti al

22 Silicon detector system (partly built in Norway)

23 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department How does the Grid work? It makes multiple computer centres look like a single system to the end-user Advanced software, called middleware, automatically finds the data the scientist needs, and the computing power to analyse it. Middleware balances the load on different resources. It also handles security, accounting, monitoring and much more.