JOVIAL PLANETS Outer Solar system

Outer system

Jupiter

Jupiters Facts  Mythology – Roman god Jupiter  Facts  5 th planet from the sun  Largest planet in our solar system  Gas Giant  Oblate Spheriod shape – Bulge in the middle!

Jupiter’s Statistics  Orbital Period – days  Size = 121 Earths  Gravity – 24 m/s  Surface Temp – 165 K (more than 200 C below 0)

Jupiter’s Atmosphere  Atmospheric Data comes from Galileo Probe that crashed into the atmosphere of Jupiter  Atmosphere divided into distinct bands

Atmosphere

Layers of Jupiter  Draw and Label the diagram of Jupiter on your notes  Mostly Hydrogen (88 percent) and helium (12 %)

Magnetosphere 14 times as strong as earths

Aurora  Magnetic Flux Tubes  Three bright dots  connect to Ion, Ganymede and Europa

Aurora

Jupiter’s Red Spot  Longest Lasting Storm in history (Discovered in the 1600)  Rotates counterclockwise every 6 days  Slowly fading

Jupiter’s Ring System

Jupiters ring System

Jupiter’s ring system  Jupiters rings are very difficult to see.  Jupiter's rings were first found by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979Voyager 1 spacecraft  Three main sections comprise Jupiter's ring system.  Halo ring -The innermost, cloud-like  Main Ring -is quite narrow and thin.  Gossamer Ring-wispy, nearly transparent

f_Jupiter

Jupiter’s Shepherd Moons  Metis  Thebe  Adrastea  Amalthea  INNER  MOONS!

Jupiters 4 galilean Satellites  Io  Europa  Callisto  Ganymede

BASIC FACTS = discovered by Galileo in 1610 He spotted the four large moons and realized that they were orbiting Jupiter, Not EARTH!!!

Io Images of IoImage

Io   Has a large iron Core (may be molten)  SO 2 Atmosphere (Thin)  Closest to jupiter  4 th largest moon  Most volcanically active body in the solar sustem  400 active volcanoes  blue./white spots are volcanoes erupting

Europa  om/watch?v=xEtf5lh3 SEw om/watch?v=xEtf5lh3 SEw  Europa is an Icy satellite  Below Europa’s frozen exterior of ice, there is liquid water  Vast sea could hold microorganisms  Heat generated by planet flexing, keeps water liquid Water? Life?

Europa

europa

Ganymede  Largest Moon in the solar system  Has a magnetosphere  /watch?v=64oBWEsMq 2Y /watch?v=64oBWEsMq 2Y  Sounds  /watch?v=6PPEwGJy6P I

Callisto  2 nd largest moon of jupiter  Tidally locked  Thin CO 2 Atmospere  Subsurface ocean  Could be a “human” base for research

Saturn

Saturn’s Facts  Mythology – names after roman god Saturnus (Saturday!).  Facts  6 th planet from the sun  2 nd largest planet in the solar system  Gas Giant  Oblate Spheriod  Less dense then water!

Saturn’s Statistics  Orbital Period – days (29.5 years)  Size =  Gravity=  Surface Temp –

Saturn’s Atmosphere

Atmosphere  93.2 % molecular hydrogen, 6.7 %helium  Faint atmosphere bands (lighter than jupiter)  Cloud patterns observed by voyager (hexagonal)

Surface  Has a planetary magnetic field, strength in between earth and jupiter  Wind speeds of 1800 km/h

Saturn’s Great White spot Giant storm hat happens every 30 years (once a saturian year) Will be another one in 2020

Layers of Saturn  Draw and Label the diagram of on your notes  Small core of rock and ice surrounded by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer

Saturn’s ring System

Saturns’s ring system  First discovered by Galileo in 1610  Rings consist mostly of ice with small amounts of debris and dust  Theories:  Roche - Rings were once a moon of saturn that was ripped apart by tidal forces  Secondary – Rings are left over from original nebular material from which saturn formed

Saturns’s ring system - FEATURES  Features:  Cassini division  Enckle Gap  Possess own atmosphere of molecular O 2 different from saturn

Roche Limit

Moons  61 moons  52 with names  6 unconfirmed moons

Jupiter’s Shepherd Moons  Metis  Thebe  Adrastea  Amalthea  INNER  MOONS!

Saturn’s Moons  Io  Europa  Callisto  Ganymede

Titan Images of IoImage

Titan  Only moon in the solar system to have its own atmosphere  atmosphere is impenetrable to visible waves  2nd largest moon in the solar system  Resembles early earth  Atmosphere of nitrogen and methane

Surface – False Color Cassini

Missions  Voyager  Arrived: 1980  Studies: close fly by of Titon,  Achieves: images of rings

Missions  Cassini  Arrived: 2004  Studies: saturn orbit insertion, flyby of titan. lightning  Huygen Insertion – Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on January 14, 2005,

Missions – Cassini Orbit

Uranus!

Uranus’s Facts  Mythology – Named after the greek god of the sky  7 th planet from the sun  3 nd largest planet in the solar system  Ice Giant  Tilted sideways (north and south lay where other planets have their equators)

Uranus’s Statistics  Orbital Period – 84 years  Rotational Period = 17 hours 14 minutes  Tilt – Rolling ball (not top)  Low internal heat

Uranus’s Atmosphere

Atmosphere  Coldest Atomosphere in the solar system  Belt -Zone Circulation  Belt – Dark colored band  Zone – Light colored band  Belts and zones flow in opposite directions  Storms occur in between belts Heat produced in the center feeds the storms

Uranus’s ring system - FEATURES  Made out of rock particles  Thirteen narrow rings

Roche Limit: where are the rings?

Moons  27 moons  Named from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope  Largest moon –Titania (less than half the size of the moon)  Visited by Voyager 2

Uranus’s Moons

Roche limit  If moons are to close:  The gravity of planet will break them up (maybe becoming rings)  If moons are too far away:  They will not be held in orbit

Roche Limit (Notes)  Distance within 2.5 radii of the center of a planet  Moons cannot form/moons are torn apart  RINGS ARE FOUND INSIDE THE ROCHE LIMIT  MOONS ARE FOUND OUTSIDE THE ROCHE LIMIT

Roche Limit

Missions to the outer solar system  Pioneer 10 and 11  Voyager 1 and 2  Galileo (Jupiter)  Cassini (Saturn)

 Jupiter  Saturn  Uranus  Neptune  Pluto  Ganymede, Io, europa, Callisto, Titan, tritan, titania

Neptune!

Neptune Facts  Mythology – Named after the roman god of the sea  8 th planet from the sun  17 times the mass of the earth  Ice Giant

Neptune Statistics  Orbital Period – 164 years  Rotational period – hours

Neptune’s Great Dark Spot  Strongest sustained winds win the solar system  2100 km per hour

Neptune’s ring system - FEATURES  Made out of rock particles  Very fragmented  Very Faint

Moons  13 moons  Triton:  moves in the opposite direction of its planets  Most likely used to be a dwarf planet  Spiraling inward (will eventually be torn apart)