Models/Frameworks for Assignment 1

National Culture

Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck American anthropologists and social theorists Florence Kluckhohn Center for the Study of Values Harvard Values Project Value orientation method (VOM) 1940s-1950s: A tool to help identify differences in core values across cultures Five common concerns Three ways to respond called value orientations

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) Cultural Dimensions Relationship with Nature Relationship with People Human Activities Relationship with Time Human Nature Scale Anchors Mastery Individualistic Being Past Good Harmony Collateral Becoming Present Neutral Subjugation Lineal Doing Future Evil

Geert Hofstede Dutch management researcher Late 1960s and early 1970s Surveyed over 100,000 employees of IBM 50 countries in three regions Work-related attitudes across the countries http://www.geerthofstede.nl/ http://www.geert-hofstede.com/

Hofstede (1980) Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism-Collectivism Masculinity-Femininity Short-term vs. Long-term Scale Anchors Low Individualism Masculinity Short-term High Collectivism Femininity

Edward T. Hall American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher Hall first created the concept of proxemics He coined the term polychronic Did not provide individual scores for countries http://www.edwardthall.com/

Hall (1981) Cultural Dimensions Context Space Time Scale Anchors Low Centre of Power Monochronic High Centre of Community Polychronic

Fons Trompenaars Dutch management researcher Studied Shell and other managers 15000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures Over a period of ten years http://www.7d-culture.nl/website/AboutTHT/Bios/FT.asp

Trompenaars (1993) Cultural Dimensions Universalism-Particularism Individualism-Collectivism Specific-Diffuse Neutral-Affective Achievement-Ascription Time Perspective Relationship with Environment Scale Anchors Universalism Individualism Specific Neutral Achievement Past/present Inner-directed Particularism Collectivism Diffuse Affective Ascription Future Outer-directed

Shalom Schwartz Israeli social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher and author of theory of basic human values More psychological view Motivational goals are the essential distinction between societal values Ten universal human values Level of analysis Three dimensions at the cultural level

Schwartz (1992) Autonomy (Intellectual and Affective) Cultural Dimensions Conservatism-Autonomy Hierarchy-Egalitarianism Mastery-Harmony Scale Anchors Conservatism Hierarchy Mastery Autonomy (Intellectual and Affective) Egalitarianism Harmony

GLOBE (2004) Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Robert House 170 researchers collected data over seven years 18000 managers in 62 countries Wide variety of industries and sizes of organisations http://www.thunderbird.edu/sites/globe/

GLOBE (2004) Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Humane Orientation Institutional Collectivism In-group Collectivism Assertiveness Gender Egalitarianism Future Orientation Performance Orientation Scale Anchors Low High

Geographic Culture Clusters GLOBE Clusters Geographic Culture Clusters Anglo Latin America Latin Europe Eastern Europe Germanic Europe Nordic Europe Sub-Saharan Africa Arab Southern Asia Confucian Asia

Luciara Nardon and Richard Steers http://www.sprott.carleton.ca/faculty_and_research/lnardon.html http://www.lcb.uoregon.edu/forms/profile/profile.html?id=178&format=full Assistant Professor at Carleton University Cross-cultural management Virtual organizations Cultural approaches to technology management Socio-cognitive institutions Professor at University of Oregan Culture, cognition, and managerial communication Culture and leadership Culture and management practices

Core Cultural Dimensions Hierarchy-Equality Individualism-Collectivism Mastery-Harmony Monochronism-Polychronism Universalism-Particularism Scale Anchors Strongly Hierarchical Strongly Individualistic Strongly Mastery-Oriented Strongly Monochronic Strongly Universalistic Moderately Hierarchical Moderately Individualistic Moderately Mastery-Oriented Moderately Monochronic Moderately Universalistic Moderately Egalitarian Moderately Collectivistic Moderately Harmony-Oriented Moderately Polychronic Particularistic Strongly Egalitarian Strongly Collectivistic Strongly Harmony-Oriented Strongly

Core Cultural Dimensions for Country Clusters Anglo Arab East European East/Southeast Asian Germanic Latin American Latin European Nordic Sub-Saharan African Hierarchy-Equality ME SH MH SE Individualism-Collectivism SI SC MC MI Mastery-Harmony SM MM Monochronism-Polychronism SP MP Universalism-Particularism MU SU

Communication

Communication Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010) Message in Medium Receive and Interpret Communicator B Encode with language Communicator A Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)

Communication (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007) Beliefs Attitudes Communication My perception of you My perception of your perception of me Your perception of me Your self-perception Your perception of my perception of you My self-perception Values Topic Time Place (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007)

Intercultural Communication Process Sender Encodes Meaning Medium Message Receiver Decodes Meaning Noise Culture Feedback Source: Deresky (2011)

Culture and Communication: A Model Culture 1: Sender’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Sender’s communication style Other influences on communication processes Receiver’s communication style Culture 2: Receiver’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Source: Steers, Sanchez-Runde & Nardon (2010)