Social Behavior

Table of Contents  Person perception  Attribution processes  Interpersonal attraction  Attitudes  Conformity and obedience  Behavior in groups

Table of Contents  Effects of physical appearance  Cognitive/social schemas – Slide 4  Stereotypes  Prejudice and discrimination  Subjectivity in person perception  Illusory correlation  Evolutionary perspectives  Ingroup - outgroup

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Table of Contents  Attributions  Internal vs. External  Kelley’s covariation model  Attributions in success and failure – Figure 16.1  Biases in attributions  Fundamental attribution error - Figure 16.2  Defensive attribution  Self-serving bias – credit self for success, blame situation for failure  Cultural influences  Individualism – collectivism  Hokotede’s rankings - Figure 16.3

Table of Contents Figure 16.1 Causes of Success and Failure: Attribution

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Table of Contents  Key factors in attraction  Physical attractiveness   Matching hypothesis  Similarity, Reciprocity  Romantic Ideals  Perspectives on love  Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs. Companionate love  Sternberg – Intimacy, commitment, & passion – Figure 16.4  Hazen & Shaver – love as attachment - Figure 16.5  Attachment styles – attachment anxiety/avoidance – F 16.5  Evolutionary perspectives  Mating priorities  Mate poaching – Buss  Internet and close relationships – F 16.7

Table of Contents  Facial Averaging and Physical Attractiveness  Instructions and Background This is a little demonstration in which you generate several examples of average faces from the several that are given at this web address: 1. Click on any four female or male faces, and form your impression of the attractiveness of the composite (average) face. 2. Press "reset." Now click on any ten female or male faces, and form your impressions now. 3. Do it one more time; this time using a very large number of faces to make your composite. 4. You should observe increasing attractiveness the more faces are used to form your composite face. 5. I hope you had fun with this.

Table of Contents Figure 16.4 – Sternberg’s view of love over time Figure 16.5 XXX

Table of Contents  3 components  cognitive, affective, and behavioral – Figure 16.8  Factors in changing attitudes  persuasion  source, message, channel, and receiver – Figure 16.9  Theories of attitude change  Learning theory Classical conditioning and advertising – Figure  Dissonance theory – Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) – Figure  Self-perception theory – Figure  Elaboration likelihood model – Figure 16.13

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Table of Contents Figure Classical conditioning of attitudes in advertising

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Table of Contents Figure Bem’s self- perception theory Figure Elaboration likelihoood model

Table of Contents  Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)  Group norm behavior  Classic experiment - Figure Group size – increased conformity until 4 in incorrect group then level, Figure Group unanimity  Compliance  Conforming to requested behavior Foot-in-door Door-in-the-face

Table of Contents  Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)  Controversial landmark experiment – Figure % gave highest shock level Many variations of basic experiment  “I was just following orders” presence of a dissenter

Table of Contents  Social Roles  Stanford Prison Study – p

Table of Contents  The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968)  Diffusion of responsibility  Group productivity and social loafing – Figure  Decision making in groups  Group Polarization - Figure  Groupthink  Bay of Pigs  NASA Shuttle disaster

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Table of Contents  Prejudice as an attitude – Figure  Prejudice and discrimination – Figure  Bias attribution of success and failure – Figure  Group competition – Sherif et al. (1961) study – field experiment  Ingroups and outgroups  Threats to social identity – Figure 16.22

Table of Contents Figure The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude

Table of Contents Figure Relationship between prejudice and discrimination

Table of Contents Figure Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women