Section I: The Scientific Revolution (Pages ) This section is about: This section is about: How scientific discoveries of the 1500 ’ s and 1600 ’ s challenged the teachings of established political and religious groups. How scientific discoveries of the 1500 ’ s and 1600 ’ s challenged the teachings of established political and religious groups. How the scientific method played a key role in encouraging people to rely on evidence and proof. How the scientific method played a key role in encouraging people to rely on evidence and proof.

Everything we talk about for a few days is summed up on page 412. What are the people doing in the picture on 412/413? I also like the chart on page 413 – should we do those?

This is a brief picture of what this whole chapter is about

The Scientific Revolution Revolutionary Thinking I think you know at least two of the vocabulary words (from Science class). I think you know at least two of the vocabulary words (from Science class). The Main Ideas: letter “ A ” is the big one. The Main Ideas: letter “ A ” is the big one. All this is going on about the same time as the Protestant Reformation. All this is going on about the same time as the Protestant Reformation. Usually when you hear “ revolution ” you think war, but this is about a dramatic change in how people think about the world. Usually when you hear “ revolution ” you think war, but this is about a dramatic change in how people think about the world.

The Old View In the Middle Ages, people were still thinking about the world based on the ideas of the Greeks and Romans (1500 years earlier?). In the Middle Ages, people were still thinking about the world based on the ideas of the Greeks and Romans (1500 years earlier?). They explained events by observation and explanation. They explained events by observation and explanation. They observed the world, used logic, and formed ideas about what they saw. They observed the world, used logic, and formed ideas about what they saw. But they didn ’ t really test their ideas to see if their reasoning and conclusions were accurate. But they didn ’ t really test their ideas to see if their reasoning and conclusions were accurate. …………….. ……………..

During the Renaissance and Reformation: people looked to the past for ideas. During the Renaissance and Reformation: people looked to the past for ideas. Humanists turned to the writings of ancient philosophers / Religious leaders looked to the Bible and early Christian writing for answers. Humanists turned to the writings of ancient philosophers / Religious leaders looked to the Bible and early Christian writing for answers. One of the people they looked to was Ptolemy –who studied the stars and planets. He “ discovered ” the earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. One of the people they looked to was Ptolemy –who studied the stars and planets. He “ discovered ” the earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. Church leaders said: God created all things and God ’ s greatest creations (Earth and man) had to be the center of it all. Church leaders said: God created all things and God ’ s greatest creations (Earth and man) had to be the center of it all. As more and more people read and learned on their own (printing press), they began to question some things. As more and more people read and learned on their own (printing press), they began to question some things. This led to a new way of thinking: the Scientific Revolution. This led to a new way of thinking: the Scientific Revolution.

Nicholas Copernicus and Watchers of the Stars Copernicus (Polish) was a scholar who studied the stars. Copernicus (Polish) was a scholar who studied the stars. His goal was to bring the ideas of Ptolemy up to date, but the more he studies, the more he realized Ptolemy was WRONG. His goal was to bring the ideas of Ptolemy up to date, but the more he studies, the more he realized Ptolemy was WRONG. Just before he died, Copernicus came up with a heliocentric version of the universe (and earth was just one of several planets that revolved around the sun. Just before he died, Copernicus came up with a heliocentric version of the universe (and earth was just one of several planets that revolved around the sun. ………………… ………………… (The Sun is in the center)

Well, no one wants to give up on ideas (and “ facts ” ) that had been around for thousands of years – and especially the Roman Catholic Church. Well, no one wants to give up on ideas (and “ facts ” ) that had been around for thousands of years – and especially the Roman Catholic Church. People kept studying and began to realize Copernicus was right. People kept studying and began to realize Copernicus was right. Two astronomers who backed up Copernicus were Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (Brahe ’ s student - who also figured out planets move in oval paths). Two astronomers who backed up Copernicus were Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (Brahe ’ s student - who also figured out planets move in oval paths).

Galileo Galilei Galileo also supported the ideas of a sun-centered solar system. Galileo also supported the ideas of a sun-centered solar system. He went to Pisa to study medicine, but became interested in math and science. He went to Pisa to study medicine, but became interested in math and science. When he learned someone had invented a telescope, he made a better more powerful one and gathered new information about the universe. When he learned someone had invented a telescope, he made a better more powerful one and gathered new information about the universe. He could see the moon ’ s surface (rough), and the sun (spots) and the moons of Jupiter (4 of them). He could see the moon ’ s surface (rough), and the sun (spots) and the moons of Jupiter (4 of them). This showed not all things rotated around Earth. This showed not all things rotated around Earth. …………………. ………………….

Again… people weren ’ t too happy about this (the Catholic Church). Again… people weren ’ t too happy about this (the Catholic Church). They thought this was a direct threat to religion. Galileo was told by church leaders to “ back off. ” They thought this was a direct threat to religion. Galileo was told by church leaders to “ back off. ” Finally, he was ordered to an “ Inquisition. ” Finally, he was ordered to an “ Inquisition. ” They tried to force him to deny his ideas (and those of Copernicus). They tried to force him to deny his ideas (and those of Copernicus). He wouldn ’ t and was placed on house arrest for the rest of his life. He wouldn ’ t and was placed on house arrest for the rest of his life. He never changed his views (and kept studying and writing). He never changed his views (and kept studying and writing).

A New Scientific Method Champions of the New Science In the 1600 ’ s: this kind of scientific thinking (the Scientific Revolution) slowly gained acceptance. In the 1600 ’ s: this kind of scientific thinking (the Scientific Revolution) slowly gained acceptance. Francis Bacon was a man interested in scientific facts. He said direct observation of facts leads to the truth, so scientists should first gather facts, study and test them, and then form a conclusion. Francis Bacon was a man interested in scientific facts. He said direct observation of facts leads to the truth, so scientists should first gather facts, study and test them, and then form a conclusion. ……………………. …………………….

Rene Descartes believed nature and philosophy should be studied by mathematical analysis. Rene Descartes believed nature and philosophy should be studied by mathematical analysis. He believed everything but God and the human soul could be viewed as mechanical. He believed everything but God and the human soul could be viewed as mechanical. Complex ideas could be broken down into smaller steps. Complex ideas could be broken down into smaller steps. He also believed a person should always begin studying by doubting EVERYTHING. He also believed a person should always begin studying by doubting EVERYTHING.

The Methods of Science The approach of these men is still used today: the scientific method. The approach of these men is still used today: the scientific method. This includes careful gathering and explaining of information. This includes careful gathering and explaining of information. 1. Make careful observations of the world around you. 2. Study the observations of others 3. Develop a possible hypothesis (explanation). 4. Test the hypothesis to see if it explains the observation. 5. See if someone else would get the same results. Yes? Good hypothesis No? Modify or reject the hypothesis.

Science Continues to Advance European monarchs actually helped these scientists – at first you might not think they would. European monarchs actually helped these scientists – at first you might not think they would. They tried to bring together teams of scientists – and paid for the research they did. They tried to bring together teams of scientists – and paid for the research they did.

Isaac Newton Newton was a brilliant mathematician (credited with “ inventing ” calculus). Newton was a brilliant mathematician (credited with “ inventing ” calculus). He ’ s the first person to explain the laws of force and motion in the universe. He ’ s the first person to explain the laws of force and motion in the universe. His greatest discovery: the law of gravity (a force that pulls objects towards each other). His greatest discovery: the law of gravity (a force that pulls objects towards each other). The Sun has the most mass in the solar system, and gravity holds the other planets in their orbits. The Sun has the most mass in the solar system, and gravity holds the other planets in their orbits. He also explained why planets travel in oval paths. He also explained why planets travel in oval paths. He studied light and was the first to explain why objects have color. He studied light and was the first to explain why objects have color. Newton used science to show the universe was orderly and worked by natural laws. Newton used science to show the universe was orderly and worked by natural laws.

Other Discoveries Chemists began to study the gasses that make up the air (hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were “ discovered ” ). Chemists began to study the gasses that make up the air (hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were “ discovered ” ). The true nature of fire was “ discovered. ” The true nature of fire was “ discovered. ” The microscope helped see really small things (red blood cells, bacteria, and small forms of life). The microscope helped see really small things (red blood cells, bacteria, and small forms of life). Chemistry improved with thermometers, barometers, and air pumps. Chemistry improved with thermometers, barometers, and air pumps. A steam engine was invented. A steam engine was invented. The invention and production of machines with small parts helped scientists – they needed to invent things to help them discover new things. The invention and production of machines with small parts helped scientists – they needed to invent things to help them discover new things.