G a l i l e o G a l i l e i By: Jennifer Zaremba

He also applied these principles to gravity, determining that objects fall at the same speed regardless of their comparative masses. (This was the famous Leaning Tower experiment.) Galileo conducted experiments with pendulums, establishing the relationships between length and period. WHo was Galileo ?

was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution, which was a period of great advances in the sciences, lasting from about Galileo's achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicus. Copernicus was the first astronomer to formulate a heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. Galileo Galilei (February 15,1564–January 8,1642)

Birth: February 15, 1564 Death: January 8, 1642 Place of Birth: Pisa, Italy Known for: -Making a number of important astronomical discoveries, including the four moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and the myriad of stars that compose the Milky Way -Proposing that falling bodies would all fall at the same rate, regardless of mass, if there were no air resistance Milestones : Taught mathematics at the University of Pisa Taught mathematics at the University of Padua Reinvented the telescope based on hearsay of such a device's existence in Holland Published several of his astronomical findings in Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) Accepted a position as mathematician and philosopher to the Grand Duke of Tuscany Published a defense of the Copernican heliocentric (sun-centered) universe. Fast Facts

Galileo Galilei invented a simple water thermometer in 1593 which for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured. Back then, it was called a thermoscope.

In 1609, Galileo perfected the astronomical telescope, improving upon the design of Hans Lippershey. Lippershey’s model was imprecise and inverted the image.

He also advocated the theory that Earth and other planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun. This was supported by his discovery of moons around Jupiter, and his observations of the phases of the planet Venus. This happened in the year 1610.

Galileo was the first person to discover the unique characteristics of the pendulum. The pendulum is assembled from a string or a light rod with a weight at one end. Galileo found that each pendulum has a constant period. The period is the time in which a pendulum returns to the position it was in at the beginning of the period.

Galileo Galilei

Sir Isaac Newton Jennifer Zaremba

Who was Sir Isaac Newton?

was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and theologian who is perceived and considered by a substantial number of scholars and the general public as one of the most influential men in history. Sir Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643 – March 31, 1727)

Birth: December 25, 1642 Death: March 20, 1727 Place of Birth: Woolsthorpe, England Known for: -Inventing, in part, the branch of mathematics now known as calculus -Formulating the three laws of motion, which describe classical mechanics -Proposing the theory of universal gravitation, which explains that all bodies are affected by the force called gravity Career: 1661: Entered Trinity College, University of Cambridge : Developed what he called the fluxional method (now known as calculus) while living in seclusion to avoid the plague : Served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1687 Published his seminal work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which contained his three laws of motion and the theory of gravitation : Acted as president of the Royal Society, an organization that promotes the natural sciences 1704: Published Opticks (Optics), describing his theory that white light is a blend of different colors Fast Facts

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

According to Newton’s First Law.. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is often called "the law of inertia".

According to Newton’s Second Law.. Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

THIS MEANS THAT.. Heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter objects.

According to Newton’s Third Law.. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

This means that.. for every force there is a reaction force that is equal in size, but opposite in direction. Whenever an object pushes another object, it gets pushed back in the opposite direction equally hard.

Sir Isaac Newton