The application of CIS to Portugal: Survey Implementation and Results Analysis - Innovation vs. Productivity Manuel João Bóia Pedro Faria Science and Technology Policy Program MSc Engineering Policy and Management of Technology 5th November 2004

Outline Part 1 – Innovation Indicators 1.Innovation Indicators 2.The Community Innovation Survey 3.Students Presentation 4. Results (CIS 3),  Innovative Enterprises by Sector and CIS Trajectories in the European Context  Input vs. Output of Innovation in Europe  Some Innovation Characteristics  Other Strategic and Organizational Important Changes  Innovation Sources  Innovation Barriers 5.Lessons Learned and Conclusions

Outline Part 2 - Innovation and Productivity: What can we learn from the CIS 3 Results for Portugal? 1.Innovation and Productivity Theory 2.A model for the analysis of innovation and productivity in the short run 3.Results with CIS 3 data 4.Lessons Learned and Conclusions

Innovation Indicators1.1

CIS 32.1 Portugal How to establish a Survey Sample? Initial Sample: 4727 firms stratified by firm size and sector (INE–1999 Data) prepared by “Instituto Nacional de Estatística”Initial Sample: 4727 firms stratified by firm size and sector (INE–1999 Data) prepared by “Instituto Nacional de Estatística” Corrected sample: 4127 firms; prepared by the Support Team (OCES and outsourced survey enterprise)Corrected sample: 4127 firms; prepared by the Support Team (OCES and outsourced survey enterprise) What Sectors were surveyed? Mining and Quarrying (NACE 10-14)Mining and Quarrying (NACE 10-14) all Manufacturing (NACE 15-37)all Manufacturing (NACE 15-37) Utilities (NACE 40-41)Utilities (NACE 40-41) Wholesale Trade (NACE 51)Wholesale Trade (NACE 51) Transport, Storage and Communication (NACE 60-64)Transport, Storage and Communication (NACE 60-64) Financial Intermediation (NACE 65-67)Financial Intermediation (NACE 65-67) Computer and Related Activities (NACE 72)Computer and Related Activities (NACE 72) Research and Development (NACE 73)Research and Development (NACE 73) Architectural and Engineering Activities (NACE 74.2)Architectural and Engineering Activities (NACE 74.2) Technical Testing and Analysis (NACE 74.3)Technical Testing and Analysis (NACE 74.3) What Survey Target Population? All Manufacturing and Service firms with more than 10 employeesAll Manufacturing and Service firms with more than 10 employees Services

How was the Survey implemented? Institutions involved:Institutions involved: - Observatório da Ciência e Ensino Superior (funding and support team), - IN+ (Scientific and operational coordination; data treatment and analysis; reporting); - Instituto Nacional de Estatística (sample preparation); - outsourced survey enterprise (infrastructure, logistics, communications, support team Management, databases); Data acquisition Phases:Data acquisition Phases: -From 1 st October 2001 to 15 th April Sample verifying and validation (Name and Address) and identification of a contact person -Mailing of Questionnaire with innovations examples and a postage free envelope for replying (fax reply also accepted) -Systematic phone reminders plus two fax reminders and an additional questionnaire r ing -Support provided in working days by phone, fax or by a multidisciplinary team of 6 trained staff people (3 Engineers, 1 Economist and 2 Sociologists) CIS 32.2 Portugal

Innovation Definition Used: Market introduction of a product (Good or Service) new or significantly improved, or the introduction of new or significantly improved processes, based on new technological developments, new combinations of existing technologies or on the use of other type of knowledge acquired.Market introduction of a product (Good or Service) new or significantly improved, or the introduction of new or significantly improved processes, based on new technological developments, new combinations of existing technologies or on the use of other type of knowledge acquired. The innovation should be new to the company and not necessarily to the market. CIS 32.3 Portugal

Questionnaire Harmonized questionnaire (the same for Services and Manufacturing and other industries)Harmonized questionnaire (the same for Services and Manufacturing and other industries) Questions regarding:Questions regarding: General Information Basic Economic Information Product and Process Innovation Patents and Other Protection Methods Innovation Activities and Expenditure Intramural R & D Other Strategic and Organizational Important Changes Effects of Innovation Public Funding Innovation Co-operation Sources of Information for Innovation Hampered Innovation Activity Companies Characteristics Innovation Extension Companies Options Systemic Characteristics CIS 32.4 Portugal

Survey Data Processing: Unit Non-respondents analysisUnit Non-respondents analysis Non-respondents survey for results calibration (only if Resp. Rate < 70%)Non-respondents survey for results calibration (only if Resp. Rate < 70%) Respondents and Non-respondents distribution of responses analysisRespondents and Non-respondents distribution of responses analysis Statistical software SAS routines testing and implementationStatistical software SAS routines testing and implementation Data consistency checks and first data processingData consistency checks and first data processing Data imputation of missing variables (Item Non-respondents)Data imputation of missing variables (Item Non-respondents) Final data processing and tabulationsFinal data processing and tabulations Data validation (Eurostat)Data validation (Eurostat) Final Database and CodebookFinal Database and Codebook CIS 32.5 Portugal

Response Rates Small – 10 to 49 Employees Medium – 50 to 249 Employees Large - over 250 Employees CIS 32.6 Portugal

Lessons Learned from the CIS III Implementation: Unreliable Initial Sample (1999 Data)Unreliable Initial Sample (1999 Data) Non-Enforcement of the Policy regarding Mandatory SurveysNon-Enforcement of the Policy regarding Mandatory Surveys Biased General perception of Innovation Definition (“Radical” Innovation)Biased General perception of Innovation Definition (“Radical” Innovation) Services misperception of Innovation Definition (Product = Service or Goods)Services misperception of Innovation Definition (Product = Service or Goods) Non-Disclosure Policy of Financial DataNon-Disclosure Policy of Financial Data Lack of Qualifications of the Questionnaire Filling Contact Person (“Cultural” bias towards Non Response or Non Innovation)Lack of Qualifications of the Questionnaire Filling Contact Person (“Cultural” bias towards Non Response or Non Innovation) Lack of correspondence between the surveyed data/indicators and Companies data/indicators gathering.Lack of correspondence between the surveyed data/indicators and Companies data/indicators gathering. Mergers and Acquisitions (Availability of Contact Person and Data)Mergers and Acquisitions (Availability of Contact Person and Data) Huge paperwork!Huge paperwork! In Data Processing,In Data Processing, High values of “Item Non-response” in some strata (CAE 2 Digits*Dimension) of the realized sample for some variables, ”Exports Sales”, “Innovation Expenditure”, “Level of importance in Cooperation”, “Innovation Hampering Factors (partially)” and Patents Unreliable missing values imputation methodology and routines provided by Eurostat, surpassed in cooperation with other member states. 5.1

Students Presentations

Ireland Austria Germany The Netherlands UK Sweden Norway France Luxemburg Belgium 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 20%40%60%80% Proportion of Manufacturing Innovating Enterprises Proportion of Service Innovating Enterprises Portugal Italy Finland Greece Denmark Spain Results - Innovative Enterprises by Sector and CIS Trajectories in the European Context Note:The CIS 3 data is not directly comparable to CIS 2 data due to the enlargement of the CIS sample. Enterprises in between 10 and 19 employees in Manufacturing and selected sectors (NACE 63, 73, 74.3 and all the 64 in addition to 64.2) in Services were included in the exercise. CIS III CIS II Upward Trajectory Upward and Downward Trajectory Downward Trajectory 4.1

Results – Input vs. Output of Innovation in Europe 4.2 IRL DE AT NL UK SE NO FR FI BE PT 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0% Expenditure in Innovating Activities as Share of Turnover Porportion of Innovative Enterprises Manufacturing Sector CIS III CIS II GR ES IT LU DK

Results – Some Innovation Characteristics 4.3  Innovation is Firm Size dependent (larger firms innovate more)  Innovation has sector specificities  The integration of the firm in a network (e.g., integration into a group) increases the probability to innovate  The level of competition in a market influences a firm’s probability to innovate (Highly competitive markets provide more innovative firms)

Results - Other Strategic and Organizational Changes 4.4

Results - Innovation Sources of Highly Importance for Manufacturing 4.5

Results - Innovation Barriers of Highly Importance 4.6

Lessons Learned and Conclusions: 1.The CIS is a good evolving instrument for benchmarking and follow up of the best practices, although incomplete in what concerns the systemic characteristics of innovation. 2.A significant increase in the innovation extension and in the firms innovation expenditure was achieved for Portugal in CIS III compared to CIS II. 3.In the innovation process, both sources and barriers to innovation profiles remain consistent with the CIS II data, where the most relevant are respectively “Within the Enterprise” and financial constraints. 4.Innovation expenditure has reached a milestone above which innovation effectiveness appears to be more correlated with factors of systemic nature. 5.Technological innovation appears to be strongly correlated with Organizational Innovation and Change. 5.2

Outline Part 2 - Innovation and Productivity: What can we learn from the CIS 3 Results for Portugal? 1.Innovation and Productivity Theory 2.A model for the analysis of innovation and productivity in the short run 3.Results with CIS 3 data 4.Lessons Learned and Conclusions

Three theories explain the short relationship between Innovation and Productivity: - Learning - Technology and Organizational Rigidities - Adjustments Costs Technological Innovation Productivity Long Run + Short Run - Innovation vs. Productivity

Theoretical arguments that explain the negative relationship between innovation and productivity

Econometric Model (1) 1) Endogeneity: Hausman Test OLS – inconsistent 2) Equation System: 3) Covariance Correction: Murphy-Topel Method - two step estimation method for mixed models that include limited dependent variables

Econometric Model (2) Where: Prdg – Productivity Measure – log (Turnover / nº Workers) Inov – Innovation Dummy Variable Exp – Exports / Turnover NF – Dummy Variable that indicates if the firm was created in GP – Dummy Variable that indicates if the firm is part of a group ED – Share of the Workforce engaged in specialized tasks CS – Gross Investments in Capital Goods S – Sector Dummy Variables Log_Turn_Inic – Critical Identification Variable - log (Turnover 1998)

Advantages of the survey data: 1) Data on innovation and productivity for a two year period ( ); 2) Separation between firms that do not innovate, those that have attempted to innovate and innovative firms; 3) Gathering information, not only about radical innovations linked to patents applications, but also about not radical innovations in the context of the market but new to the firm; 4) Inquiring firms, not only from the manufacturing sector, but also from the service sector, making possible a more complete analysis from the Portuguese economic reality; 5) Existence of information that allows the creation of instruments to correct endogeneity; 6) Differentiation between product and process innovation The CIS 3 Data

Note: * Significant at 10%; ** 5%; *** 1%; Sector Dummies Variables included but not reported Results

In the universe of Portuguese firms enquired by the CIS III, innovative firms have a lower degree of productivity growth when compared with non-innovative firms The more productive firms are more innovative – result coherent with the Adjustment Costs theory The inclusion of the variable Gross Investment in Capital Goods gives robustness to the model Conclusions

Additional Slides

Results - Innovation Extension

Results – Product and Process Innovation in Manufacturing

Results - Innovation by Firm Size

CIS 3 Portugal

Results – Innovation by Technological Intensity (Manufacturing)

Results – Education and Innovation by Sector

Results – Qualifications and Innovation by Sector

Results - Innovation Sources of Highly Importance for Services

Clear characteristic: the Portuguese companies ignore or do not choose to use patenting as a protection tool Results - Patenting

Results – Other Protection Methods Used