Qualities of a _________ Government Exalts that the nation and race are above the individual Exalts that the nation and race are above the individual Centralized, autocratic government headed by a dictator (single pol. party) Centralized, autocratic government headed by a dictator (single pol. party) Severe social regimentation, control, and censorship Severe social regimentation, control, and censorship State control of economy, media, and propaganda State control of economy, media, and propaganda Use of school to spread ideology Use of school to spread ideology 1

Elements of Fascism Aggressive nationalism Aggressive nationalism To be strong, the nation needs a strong gov’t led by a dictator to impose order on society To be strong, the nation needs a strong gov’t led by a dictator to impose order on society State/gov’t is most important State/gov’t is most important Nation needed to expand its territory; build its military Nation needed to expand its territory; build its military Suppress any opposition  Anti-communists Suppress any opposition  Anti-communists 2

3 The Rise of Fascism The World at the Brink of War

4 The Origins of Trouble The Treaty of Versailles ends and World War I and left Germany with enormous debt and inflation due to the reparations they were forced to pay. The Treaty of Versailles ends and World War I and left Germany with enormous debt and inflation due to the reparations they were forced to pay.

5 A Little Corporal Stands Tall Adolf Hitler a veteran of World War I becomes a leading proponent of German nationalism in the 1920’s. Adolf Hitler a veteran of World War I becomes a leading proponent of German nationalism in the 1920’s. A failed attempt to overthrow the government lands Hitler in prison. A failed attempt to overthrow the government lands Hitler in prison.

6 Mein Kempf During his incarceration Hitler put his political & nationalistic beliefs as well as his anti-Semitic feelings to print in his book Mein Kempf. During his incarceration Hitler put his political & nationalistic beliefs as well as his anti-Semitic feelings to print in his book Mein Kempf. His plan of Racial (Aryan) Superiority is also outlined. His plan of Racial (Aryan) Superiority is also outlined.

7 Elected to Office Feeding on people’s fears Nazi’s set fire to the Reichstag prior to the election and blamed the communists. Feeding on people’s fears Nazi’s set fire to the Reichstag prior to the election and blamed the communists. In 1933 Hitler’s Nazi party were elected into the majority of the German Reichstag and Hitler was elected Chancellor. In 1933 Hitler’s Nazi party were elected into the majority of the German Reichstag and Hitler was elected Chancellor.

Italy: The Beginning of Problems 1917  Ally of U.S. in WWI  promised Austrian territory in return 1917  Ally of U.S. in WWI  promised Austrian territory in return 1920s  post-WWI and internal problems: economy and class tensions, unemployment, and inflation 1920s  post-WWI and internal problems: economy and class tensions, unemployment, and inflation 1920s  Communists started organizing the poor  strikes 1920s  Communists started organizing the poor  strikes

9 Fascism Rises to Power in Italy Facing the same economic difficulties as Germany a newspaper editor named Benito Mussolini is elected leader. Facing the same economic difficulties as Germany a newspaper editor named Benito Mussolini is elected leader. –powerful speaker and demagogue (fears) Blamed Communists, labor leaders, and weak politicians for Italian decline Blamed Communists, labor leaders, and weak politicians for Italian decline His promise to restore Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire. His promise to restore Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire.

Italian Fascism 1919, Fascist Party  extreme nationalism and race 1919, Fascist Party  extreme nationalism and race –Opposed democracy: the power of one 1922 Mussolini lead thousands of “Black Shirts” in a march on Rome  seized control of gov’t  “Believe! Obey! Fight!” 1922 Mussolini lead thousands of “Black Shirts” in a march on Rome  seized control of gov’t  “Believe! Obey! Fight!”

11 Mussolini’s Plan Complete very public projects. Complete very public projects. Rebuild the transportation system and have the trains run on time. Rebuild the transportation system and have the trains run on time. Arrest and harass the Sicilian led Mafia. Arrest and harass the Sicilian led Mafia. Rebuild the Army Rebuild the Army

12 Hitler & Mussolini Join Forces An alliance of the two emerging nations is forged. An alliance of the two emerging nations is forged. A plan of divide and conquer is developed; A plan of divide and conquer is developed; –Germany will invade and conquer Central, Western & Eastern Europe. Plus the Soviet Union. –Italy will conquer the nations of the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa.

13 A “new” Rome? 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia seeking to control her grain harvests Italy invades Ethiopia seeking to control her grain harvests. Invasions move Eastern into Tunisia. Invasions move Eastern into Tunisia. –Following the path of the Roman conquerors to Carthage.

14 German Forces March An invasion of Austria began and faced little resistance as Hitler claimed to be reuniting the 2 nations. I seek no more land! An invasion of Austria began and faced little resistance as Hitler claimed to be reuniting the 2 nations. I seek no more land! Shortly thereafter, Sudetenland is invaded. Shortly thereafter, Sudetenland is invaded.

15 Appeasement The nations of Europe met with Hitler at the Munich Conference to discuss the invasion. The nations of Europe met with Hitler at the Munich Conference to discuss the invasion. An agreement was reached ending further hostilities. An agreement was reached ending further hostilities. Prime Minister Chamberlain of Great Britain pronounced that “ “we have attained peace in our time.” Prime Minister Chamberlain of Great Britain pronounced that “ “we have attained peace in our time.”

16 An Uneasy Truce Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Non-Aggression Pact Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Non-Aggression Pact Under the terms of this treaty both countries agree not to attack the other. Under the terms of this treaty both countries agree not to attack the other. Stalin & Hitler prepare for war with each other. Stalin & Hitler prepare for war with each other.

17 Blitzkrieg: Lightening Attack Hitler’s idea of “Peace in our Time” Hitler’s idea of “Peace in our Time” Invade, Invade & Invade Invade, Invade & Invade –Poland –Holland –France –The Soviet Union

18 The World is at the Brink of Fascist Dominance

Describe and analyze the social atmosphere that existed in Europe that allowed the rise of Hitler and Mussolini. 19

Systems Compared Italian Fascism ideology of anti- democracy. ideology of anti- democracy. The state is absolute and totalitarian and all citizens must follow the state. The state is absolute and totalitarian and all citizens must follow the state. The state is most important The state is most important German Nazism Promotes a racist and anti-semitic ideology Promotes a racist and anti-semitic ideology Aryan race is superior Aryan race is superior Gov’t must promote the perfect race Gov’t must promote the perfect race Nazism tends to be fascist in gov’t structure Nazism tends to be fascist in gov’t structure Race is most important Race is most important 20

Rise of Mussolini Discuss the problems facing Italy after WWI Discuss the problems facing Italy after WWI Discuss the rise of Mussolini to power. Discuss the rise of Mussolini to power. 21