Seminar 23rd November 2001 Other Policies: Demand Management & Highway Investment Professor Marcial Echenique

Other Policies: Demand Management & Highway Investment 1.Background: Cambridge Sub-Region 2. Demand Management Principles Practice Proposed Tests 3.Highway Investment Need for Extra Roads Proposed Strategy 4.Conclusions

1. Cambridge Sub-Region - Background 21% increase in households between = 42,000 Allocation of dwellings - Allocated ~ 20,000 In City ~ 2,000 Outside ~ 18,000 - To be allocated (Structure Plan) ~ 22,000 In and around the City ? 10,000 Outside the City ? 12,000 Extra daily trips (8 per household) ~ 336,000 In and around the City ~ 120,000 Outside the City ~ 216,000 Potential Car Trips ~ 240,000 In and around the City (50% of trips) ~ 60,000 Outside the City (83% of trips) ~ 180,000 Potential peak hour car trips ~ 40,000 In and around the City ~ 10,000 Outside the City ~ 30,000

Congestion in the Sub-Region 2010 Source: East of England Regional Transport Strategy ▬▬ Heavy Congestion ▬▬ Peak Co ngestion ▬▬ Operating Satisfactorily

2. Demand Management Principles - Adjust demand (by pricing) to available supply - Efficiency: Allocation of scarce resource Increases speed Increases effective capacity Reduces waste of resources (fuel & time) - Environment Less emissions Less noise - Social equity Improves bus performance Political difficulties

Practice - Singapore since 1975 Reduced traffic Increased speeds by 20% - average 37.5 miles per hour Increased revenues - Norway since 1990 Oslo, Bergen & Trondheim Money used for infrastructure improvement - London is implementing a £5 vehicle charge in Central London

Cordon Charging

Proposed Tests - Cordon Charging Peak Hour (7-10; 15-18) £5.00 ? Off Peak (rest of day) £2.50 ? Residents within cordon £0.50 ? - Second Best: Workplace Parking Charges Daily £2.50 ? - Third Best: Increase in parking charges % for on-street parking Probable annual revenues up to 50 million to be used for investment in infrastructure (Public Transport, Highways, Cycleways, etc.) Measure social impacts Measure environmental impacts

3. Highway Investment Need for extra roads - Demand increase to dispersed destinations - Access to important employment centres Addenbrookes University West Site Northern Fringe Eastern Area - Linking of Park & Ride Sites and Edge Locations - Recognition of extra capacity needed: CHUMMS - Political difficulties

Possible Cambridge Orbital

Link Roads on Trunk Roads

4. Conclusions Needs to introduce both: - Demand restrictions (Pricing) - Supply increases in Public Transport, Cycling & Pedestrian Routes, Highways Measure Impacts - Efficiency (cost-benefit) - Social (impacts by S.E.G. and areas) - Environmental (emissions, energy, accidents, etc.)