Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 35 An Age of Anxiety

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Era of Innovation “The lost generation” (Gertrude Stein) Disillusionment after WW I Pessimism over idea of human progress  Spengler, Decline of the West

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Loss of a Moral Compass “weakness” of democracy Religion discredited  Friedrich Nietzsche ( ) Existentialism  Formative years of Jean-Paul Sartre ( ), Albert Camus ( )

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Relativism in the Physical World Albert Einstein ( )  Theory of Special Relativity  Neither time nor space absolute values, vary with observer Werner Heisenberg ( )  The Uncertainty Principle Concepts extended to humanities, social sciences

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The Soul Explained? Sigmund Freud ( )  The life of the subconscious mind  Repression of sexual desires, fears Interpretation of Dreams Free Association Application to mythology, religion, literature, art, etc.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Retreat from Realism in Art Photography makes realism irrelevant Art as creation, not reproduction Retreat to abstraction  Pablo Picasso ( ) Influence of non-western styles

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Mechanization of Architecture The Bauhaus  Director: Walter Gropius ( ) Form follows function Square, lifeless, but efficient Skyscrapers “glass boxes” “International Style”  Loved by business, government

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 European Origins of the Great Depression Austria/Germany borrow money from USA to pay war debts to France and England France, England pay debts owed to USA for WWI System dependent on flow of cash from USA Investors begin to pull out in 1928

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 New Technologies and the Great Depression Single-export countries devastated by declines due to new technology  Reclaimed rubber destroys rubber-based economies of Dutch East Indies, Malaysia, Ceylon

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Agricultural Surpluses and the Great Depression Overproduction in 1920s Strongest harvests in 1925, 1929 Wheat lowest price in 400 years  Farm income drops  less demand for manufactured goods  inventory surpluses The Dust Bowl, mid-late 30s

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Black Thursday (24 October 1929) Stock purchases on margin (3%) Hints of slowdown in Europe  investors begin to sell Snowball effect  Life savings lost Black Thursday  11 Suicides

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 US Economic Collapse Inventory surplus leads to layoffs Layoffs lead to decreased demand, businesses fail 1932 industrial production ½ of 1929 levels 44% of US banks out of business  Deposits lost

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 World Economic Collapse Hardest hit: countries dependent on export of manufactured goods for essentials  Japan Single-export countries  South America

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Initial Government Attempts to Increase Demand Brazil  surplus of coffee beans set on fire, used to build highways USA: “planned scarcity”  Vegetables, fruits and animals destroyed  Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 New US Strategies Laissez-faire, “planned scarcity” approaches fail John Maynard Keynes, economist  Stimulate economy by lowering interest rates encouraging investment, employment The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt WWII Spending

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 The Bolshevik Revolution October/November 1917 Soviets take over Disband Constituent Assembly “All Power to the Soviets!”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 War Communism, Rapid collectivization Confiscations Massively unpopular, Lenin backtracks in 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP) partial privatization of the economy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 New Economic Policy (NEP) Promotion of Agriculture Promotion of Industry “Kulaks” and speculation “one step backward, two steps forward”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Lenin ’ s Death Lenin’s Stroke (1922) and death (1924) Triumvirate:  Stalin  Bukharin  Trotsky

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Joseph Stalin ( ) Yosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili  Nom de guerre: “man of Steel,” Georgian Mother’s influence leads to Orthodox seminary education Leads Soviet Union by 1928

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Stalin and Industrialization the “Great Leap Forward” Socialism in One Country Massive collectivization of agriculture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Ukrainian Famine of a Terror-Famine?  Ukrainians  Don Region De-kulakization The Law of Socialist Property “when you cut down a forest, splinters will fly”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 The Purges mechanics of a purge  “confession”  the show-trial  punishment Massive scope: 8 million Soviet citizens in labor camps by 1939 euphemisms: “wreckers, saboteurs”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Life in the Gulag internal exile the possibility of escape forced labor living conditions trial and re-trial

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 The Growth of European Fascism From “fasces,” Roman symbol of authority  Axe surrounded by wooden rods Originates with Benito Mussolini Influenced Europe, Asia, Latin America

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Fascism: Common Elements 1. Primacy of state over individual 2. Distrust of democracy: the F ührerprinzip 3. Hostility to Communism 4. Chauvinistic 5. Militaristic

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Fascism in Italy Poor showing of post-WWI Italian government  Public disappointed with weak territorial gains  Economic and social turmoil Mussolini, former newspaper editor, electoral successes in 1921 March on Rome October, King Emmanuel III offers him prime ministership 1926 seizes power as Il Duce, “the leader”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Adolf Hitler ( ) and the Nazi Party 1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) Attempts to overthrow government in 1923  Writes autobiography Mein Kampf in jail, massively popular Capitalizes on public discontent with post-war era  War guilt clause  Reparation payments  Inability of major parties to come to consensus  Anti-semitism

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Consolidation of Power Nazis become single largest party in parliament, Weak president Paul von Hindenburg ( ) appoints Hitler as Chancellor Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional and civil rights  Makes the Nazis the sole legal party  Destroyes train unions  Purges judiciary, civil service of perceived enemies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 The Racial State Theories of racial superiority, racial purity Policies of eugenics  Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans  Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for “hereditary ill” and “racial aliens”  “Euthanasia” program kills 200,000 people with physical or mental handicaps between Precursors to massacres of Jews, gypsies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Anti-Semitism Influence of 19 th -century racism 1935 Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis  Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-Jews  Removal of Jews from civil service, schools  Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase by non-Jews Kristallnacht: major country-wide pogrom on Jews, November 9-10, 1938  “night of broken glass”